“… See, e.g., Nakov (2008),Nakata (2017),Masolo andWinant (2019), andNakata et al (2019).2 The effectiveness of QE and other unconventional monetary policies remains an open empirical question. For example,Debortoli et al (2019) provide evidence of the efficacy of unconventional monetary policies and the "irrelevance" of the zero lower bound on the nominal policy rate, whereas, other papers (e.g.,Fabo et al, 2020 and Giansante et al, 2020) argue that the contribution of QE to boosting lending and economic activity may have been quite limited.…”