The stimulation of exosome generation by visfatin polarizes M2 macrophages and enhances the motility of chondrosarcoma

Abstract

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that arises from abnormalities in cartilaginous tissue and is associated with lung metastases. Extracellular vesicles called exosomes are primarily used as mediators of intercellular signal transmission to control tumor metastasis. Visfatin is an adipokine reported to enhance tumor metastasis, but its relationship with exosome generation in chondrosarcoma motility remains undetermined. Our results found that overexpressing visfatin augments the production of exosomes from chondrosarcoma cells. Visfatin‐treated chondrosarcoma exosomes educate macrophage polarization towards the M2 but not M1 phenotype. Interestingly, M2 macrophages polarized by exosomes return to chondrosarcoma cells to facilitate cell motility. According to these findings, chondrosarcoma cells emit more exosomes when treated with visfatin. The stimulation of exosome generation by visfatin polarizes M2 macrophages and enhances the motility of chondrosarcoma.

Visfatin Facilitates VEGF-D-Induced Lymphangiogenesis through Activating HIF-1α and Suppressing miR-2277-3p in Human Chondrosarcoma

“…Chondrosarcoma, a heterogeneous malignant bone tumor with a high incidence of lymphangiogenesis and a propensity to spread, consists of a vital component [25]. Visfatin is closely associated with oncogenesis, and elevated levels of visfatin expression have been related to poorer prognoses in various cancer types [26][27][28][29]. In our previous studies, we discovered that visfatin promotes PDGF-C-dependent angiogenesis and metastasis in human chondrosarcoma [19,20].…”