The status of /w/ in Old High German

Abstract

Old High German (OHG) differs from many other languages in that [w] does not stand in complementary distribution with [u], but rather it exhibits alternations with [o]. For example, the [o] in adjectives like gël[o] ‘yellow.nom.sg’ alternates with [w] in corresponding inflected forms (e.g. gël[w]es ‘yellow.gen.sg’). Based on extant data, we make three claims about OHG [w]. First, we use several analytical lenses – from phonotactics and etymology to sound patterning and feature composition – to argue that /w/ was an underlying consonant. This is surprising from the point of view of phonology since glides like [w] are usually assumed to be allophones of vowels. Second, we propose that OHG /w/ had the same height features as mid vowels. This accounts for the fact that /w/ neutralizes to [o] (and not [u]) in word-final position and also derives independent support from other OHG processes (namely primary umlaut). Finally, we show how the OHG data intersect with literature on the typology of glides and fail to fit naturally within that typology. Our findings place OHG glides into a seemingly unique category, the analysis of which not only broadens our understanding of OHG phonology, but also typological possibilities involved with derived and underlying glides.

The Phonology of Mid Vowels in Germanic Languages

“…However, if blocking effects in metaphonic processes are taken to be the result of a well-motivated cross-linguistic principle like the no-crossing constraint (in the sense of Goldsmith 1976), the implication of the analysis presented for OHG is that such consonants must be marked with height features. See additional discussion in Kostakis (2019) and Kostakis & Noelliste (2022). 30 In each form in (26), the initial stressed syllable contains an <e>.…”