The Status of Kelp Exploitation and Marine Agronomy, with Emphasis on Macrocystis pyrifera, in Chile

Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Prescott, Steven; Potin, Philippe; Faugeron, Sylvain; Vásquez, Julio A.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Hernández-González, María C.; Gutierrez, A.; Varela, Daniel

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408062-1.00006-8

Cited by 69 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…In the Quenac seafarm, no significant symptoms including deformation were observed in the tissue over a period of 3 years (see Buschmann et al . ). However, high number of the amphipod Peramphitoe femorata called ‘kelp curler’ were recorded mainly during the summer and mid‐autumn months, producing a significant damage to the sporophytes due to their feeding behaviour (see Thiel & Hinojosa for more details).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…No negative externalities from the seafarming were detected in our study period, as evidenced by Buschmann et al . (,b), but more experimental studies are needed to fully understand the possible environmental effects of large‐scale seaweed aquaculture (impact of biomass losses, modification in bacterial communities or nutrient uptake, among others). In southern Chile, M. pyrifera wild populations in protected areas show a clear annual cycle, becoming completely decimated during autumn (Buschmann et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the Chilean coast, Macrocystis sporophytes survive up to 1 year and have a few fronds per sporophyte (Buschmann et al . ,b) in comparison with Northern Hemisphere giant kelp that can live up to 4–7 years and reach up to 400 fronds per pyrifera ‐form sporophyte (Graham et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of 3 year precommercial seafarming of Macrocystis pyrifera along the Chilean coast

Camus

Infante

Buschmann

2016

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Chile is one of the main producers of seaweeds in the world; however, most of the production comes from harvesting natural beds and only 2.4% from cultures, dominated by the agarophyte Gracilaria chilensis. One of the most exploited resources is the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, which is sold fresh for abalone feed and dry for alginate extraction. Recently, new possible markets are developing for this species, for example human consumption and biofuel/chemical production that could increase the demand and justify the development of a commercial cultivation system. The objective of this work was to present the recent development of the seafarming of M. pyrifera in Chile, focusing on the fundamental determinants of productivity in cultivated systems and the identification of the binding constraints to productivity. Three experimental plots (up to 21 Ha) were designed and deployed in three study areas (Caldera in northern Chile and Quenac and Ancud in southern Chile) to test different environmental conditions. During a period of 3 years, sporophytes produced in an indoor hatchery were deployed monthly, at different densities, and followed until harvest. Environmental parameters and biomass were monitored on a monthly basis. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of Macrocystis seafarming on a large scale in Chile. Important differences in yield were observed between the study areas associated with either environmental physical or biological factors, such as the presence of herbivores. Our best production cycle reached 124 WMT Ha−1 month −1 in southern Chile, and the worst, less than 20 WMT Ha−1 month−1 in northern Chile. Finally, some direct and indirect constrains were encountered, including seeding season and depth, and the presence of pests and diseases, that are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of 3 year precommercial seafarming of Macrocystis pyrifera along the Chilean coast

Camus

Infante

Buschmann

2016

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…Macrocystis pyrifera is an ecologically important species throughout its distribution range along the west coast of North America and cold‐temperate waters of the southern hemisphere with growing economic importance in South America and southern California, USA (Buschmann et al. , Westermeier et al. ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Short‐ and long‐term acclimation patterns of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) along a depth gradient

Koch

Thiel

Hagen

et al. 2016

Journal of Phycology

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The giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, is exposed to highly variable irradiance and temperature regimes across its geographic and vertical depth gradients. The objective of this study was to extend our understanding of algal acclimation strategies on different temporal scales to those varying abiotic conditions at various water depths. Different acclimation strategies to various water depths (0.2 and 4 m) between different sampling times (Jan/Feb and Aug/Sept 2012; long‐term acclimation) and more rapid adjustments to different depths (0.2, 2 and 4 m; short‐term acclimation) during 14 d of transplantation were found. Adjustments of variable Chl a fluorescence, pigment composition (Chl c, fucoxanthin), and the de‐epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments were responsible for the development of different physiological states with respect to various solar radiation and temperature climates. Interestingly, the results indicated that phlorotannins are important during long‐term acclimation while antioxidants have a crucial role during short‐term acclimation. Furthermore, the results suggested that modifications in total lipids and fatty acid compositions apparently also might play a role in depth acclimation. In Aug/Sept (austral winter), M. pyrifera responded to the transplantation from 4 m to 0.2 m depth with a rise in the degree of saturation and a switch from shorter‐ to longer‐chain fatty acids. These changes seem to be essential for the readjustment of thylakoid membranes and might, thus, facilitate efficient photosynthesis under changing irradiances and temperatures. Further experiments are needed to disentangle the relative contribution of solar radiation, temperature and also other abiotic parameters in the observed physiological changes.

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“…Additional research initiatives are also important for restoring or increasing production in the future, such as procuring a selected strain and the ability to manage epibionts, grazers and pathogenes (Buschmann et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Production and economic assessment of giant kelpMacrocystis pyriferacultivation for abalone feed in the south of Chile

et al. 2014

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Kelp biomass availability for mass abalone cultivation remains a critical issue in Chile. The technical and economic feasibility of a commercial scale kelp farming activity has not been established. This study describes the production and economic results of a pilot scale unit installed in southern Chile. Our results show 25 kg m−1 of production over a 9‐month spring‐summer period, and 16.2 kg m−1 during the autumn‐winter period. These values indicate that a total biomass production of 41.3 kg (wet) ma−1 year−1 can be obtained by placing the culture lines at 4 m intervals. High quality animal food‐grade plants with a 9% protein content, over 5 m in length were harvested. Sensitivity analysis showed that by cultivating 30–50 ha with a market value of US$ 78 ton−1, a return on investment can be made after the first year.

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The Status of Kelp Exploitation and Marine Agronomy, with Emphasis on Macrocystis pyrifera, in Chile

Cited by 69 publications

References 103 publications

Overview of 3 year precommercial seafarming of Macrocystis pyrifera along the Chilean coast

Overview of 3 year precommercial seafarming of Macrocystis pyrifera along the Chilean coast

Short‐ and long‐term acclimation patterns of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) along a depth gradient

Production and economic assessment of giant kelpMacrocystis pyriferacultivation for abalone feed in the south of Chile

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