The Status of Glacial Lakes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya - ICIMOD Research Report 2018/1

Maharjan, Sudan Bikash; Mool, P. K.; Lizong, Wu; Xiao, Guoqiao; Shrestha, Finu; Shrestha, Rajendra Bahadur; Khanal, Narendra Raj; Bajracharya, S. R.; Joshi, Srijana; Shai, S.; Baral, Prashant

doi:10.53055/icimod.742

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Uncertainty in lake delineation was presumed to be the lake perimeter multiplied by half the pixel size (Rounce et al, 2017; Shukla et al, 2018). Glacial lakes were categorized as moraine‐dammed lake, ice‐dammed lake, bedrock‐dammed lake, and other glacial lakes (Maharjan et al, 2018). Glacier outlines were obtained from Randolph Glacier Inventory Version 5.0 (RGI; Arendt et al, 2012), which is based on satellite imageries acquired between 1999 and 2003.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hindu Kush Himalayas have been subjected to many glacial lake studies (Emmer, 2018;Fujita et al, 2013;Ives et al, 2010;King et al, 2017King et al, , 2018Maharjan et al, 2018;Schwanghart et al, 2016;Veh et al, 2019), including the ones carried out for specific countries such as Nepal (Mool et al, 2011;Rounce et al, 2017;Somos-Valenzuela et al, 2015), Bhutan (Komori, 2008;Ukita et al, 2011), and Tibet (Chen et al, 2007;Cui et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2011). Studies carried out for the Indian Himalayas include the work of ICIMOD (Ives et al, 2010) that created a comprehensive glacial lake inventory of Hindu Kush Himalayas and included three Indian states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard, Downstream Impact, and Risk Over the Indian Himalayas

Dubey

Goyal

2020

Water Resources Research

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Indian Himalayas are home to numerous glacial lakes, which can pose serious threat to downstream communities and lead to catastrophic socioeconomic disasters in case of a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF). This study first identified 329 glacial lakes of size greater than 0.05 km 2 in the Indian Himalayas, and then a remote sensing-based hazard and risk assessment was performed on these lakes. Different factors such as avalanche, rockfall, upstream GLOF, lake expansion, identification of the presence of ice cores, and assessment of the stability of moraine were considered for the hazard modeling. Further, a stochastic inundation model was applied to quantify the potential number of buildings, bridges, and hydropower systems that could be inundated by GLOF in each lake. Finally, the hazard parameters and downstream impact were collectively considered to determine the risk linked with each lake. A total of 23 lakes were identified as very high risk lakes and 50 as high-risk lakes. The potential flood volumes associated with various triggering mechanisms were also measured and were used to identify the lakes with the most considerable risk, such as Shakho Cho and Khangchung Tso. This study is anticipated to support stakeholders and decision-makers in identifying critical glacial lakes and make well-informed decisions related to future modeling efforts, field studies, and risk mitigation measures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard, Downstream Impact, and Risk Over the Indian Himalayas

Dubey

Goyal

2020

Water Resources Research

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“…Zhang and Yao et al [43] mapped glacial lakes in the Third Pole in 1990, 2000, and 2010 and found that glacial lakes (>0.003 km 2 ) covered areas of 553.9 ± 90, 581.2 ± 97, and 682.4 ± 110 km 2 , respectively, in these years. Maharjan et al [45] extracted glacial lakes in a similar region of the HKH in 2005; they also set 0.003 km 2 as the minimum glacial lake area and reported that the total area covered by these glacial lakes was 1444 km 2 . The glacial lake area of Maharjan et al [45] in 2005 was larger than that of Zhang and Yao et al [43] in 2010, possibly because of their different glacial lake inventory extents, extraction methods, and human subjective factors.…”

Section: Comparisons With Recent Related Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maharjan et al [45] extracted glacial lakes in a similar region of the HKH in 2005; they also set 0.003 km 2 as the minimum glacial lake area and reported that the total area covered by these glacial lakes was 1444 km 2 . The glacial lake area of Maharjan et al [45] in 2005 was larger than that of Zhang and Yao et al [43] in 2010, possibly because of their different glacial lake inventory extents, extraction methods, and human subjective factors.…”

Section: Comparisons With Recent Related Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results indicated that the individual glacial lake size and total glacial lake amounts varied greatly from one study site to another; in addition, the research results showed that glacial lakes in India, Nepal, and Bhutan were larger and more numerous than those in Pakistan and Afghanistan, which may have been due to the differences in precipitation, temperature, and elevation among these countries. In addition, many recent studies have been devoted to mapping glacial lakes over similar regions of high-mountain Asia as that considered herein, and some recent studies have focused on characteristic analytics [42][43][44][45], while others have focused on glacial lake inventory data, lake extraction processes [46], or related GLOFs [47]. All of these studies analyzed different study periods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inventory and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Glacial Lakes in the HKH-TMHA Region from 1990 to 2020

Wang

Gao

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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The Himalayan, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush (HKH-TMHA) are the three main mountain ranges in the high-mountain Asia region, covering the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). In this study, we identified glacial lakes in the HKH-TMHA region based on multitemporal Landsat images taken from 1990 to 2020. We analyzed the spatial distribution and evolution of glacial lakes in the HKH-TMHA region from the perspective of their elevation, size, and terrain aspect; then, we described their temporal changes. The results showed that approximately 84.56% of the glacial lakes (84.1% of the total lake area) were located at elevations between 4000 m and 5500 m, and glacial lakes with areas ranging from 0.01–0.5 km2 accounted for approximately 95.21% of the number and 63.01% of the total area of glacial lakes. The number (38.64%) and area (58.83%) of south-facing glacial lakes were largest in HKH-TMHA and expanded significantly over time. There were 5835 (664.84 ± 89.72 km2) glacial lakes in 1990; from 1990 to 2020, the number of glacial lakes in the HKH-TMHA region increased by 5974 (408.93 km2) in total; and the annual average increase in the area of glacial lakes reached 13.63 km2 (11.15%). In 2020, the total number of glacial lake reached to 9673 (899.66 ± 120.63 km2). In addition, most glacial lakes were located in the Eastern Himalayan, China, and the Indus Basin. Based on the precipitation and temperature analyses performed in our study area, we found inconsistent climate characteristics and changes in the three mountain ranges. In general, the daily precipitation (temperature) increased by 1.0766 mm (1.0311 °C), 0.8544 mm (0.8346 °C), and 0.8245 mm (−0.1042 °C) on the yearly, summer, and winter scales, respectively. Glacial melting and climate change are common contributors to glacial lake expansion. The investigation of glacial lakes in this region can provide basic supporting data for research on glacial lake-related disasters, land cover, and climate change in the high-mountain Asia region.

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Glaciers and Glacier Lake Outburst Floods in the Himalaya

Andermann

Nepal

Wagnon

et al. 2023

Himalaya, Dynamics of a Giant 3

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The Status of Glacial Lakes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya - ICIMOD Research Report 2018/1

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard, Downstream Impact, and Risk Over the Indian Himalayas

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard, Downstream Impact, and Risk Over the Indian Himalayas

Inventory and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Glacial Lakes in the HKH-TMHA Region from 1990 to 2020

Glaciers and Glacier Lake Outburst Floods in the Himalaya

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