The statistics of wave height and crest elevation during the December 2012 storm in the North Sea

Gibson, Richard; Christou, Marios; Feld, Graham

doi:10.1007/s10236-014-0750-5

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Gibson et al . [] found 19 freak waves occurred during this storm across the North Sea. Compared to the northerly‐wind case study, the increase in H s was rapid: an increase from about 1 to 10.7 m in 24 h (Figure j).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…It is plausible that events from the south can lead to freak wave conditions due to the large wave height and short wave period from the limited fetch. This creates a steep sea state which is more favorable for freak wave occurrence, as was observed in December 2012 [ Gibson et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[] investigated a few case studies of storms and extremes wave heights in the Bering and Chukchi Sea and found stationary storms produce the largest, steepest waves. Previous studies for the North Atlantic have only looked at one event in detail [ Hanafin et al ., ; Gibson et al ., ; Cavaleri et al ., ]. Camus et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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North Atlantic storm driving of extreme wave heights in the North Sea

2017

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The relationship between storms and extreme ocean waves in the North Sea is assessed using a long‐period wave data set and storms identified in the Interim ECMWF Re‐Analysis (ERA‐Interim). An ensemble sensitivity analysis is used to provide information on the spatial and temporal forcing from mean sea‐level pressure and surface wind associated with extreme ocean wave height responses. Extreme ocean waves in the central North Sea arise due to intense extratropical cyclone winds from either the cold conveyor belt (northerly‐wind events) or the warm conveyor belt (southerly‐wind events). The largest wave heights are associated with northerly‐wind events which tend to have stronger wind speeds and occur as the cold conveyor belt wraps rearward round the cyclone to the cold side of the warm front. The northerly‐wind events provide a larger fetch to the central North Sea to aid wave growth. Southerly‐wind events are associated with the warm conveyor belts of intense extratropical cyclones that develop in the left upper tropospheric jet exit region. Ensemble sensitivity analysis can provide early warning of extreme wave events by demonstrating a relationship between wave height and high pressure to the west of the British Isles for northerly‐wind events 48 h prior. Southerly‐wind extreme events demonstrate sensitivity to low pressure to the west of the British Isles 36 h prior.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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North Atlantic storm driving of extreme wave heights in the North Sea

2017

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“…Ocean wave period plays a role in determining wave steepness and therefore the likelihood of a rogue wave occurring. This was the case in the North Sea in December 2012 where 19 rogue waves occurred during a storm (Gibson et al 2014;Bell et al 2017). Ocean currents also influence wave behaviour both on the large scale and for individuals waves (Ardhuin et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Extreme environmental forcing on the container ship SS El Faro

Bell

Kirtman

2019

Journal of Operational Oceanography

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The sinking of the cargo ship SS El Faro is investigated by providing a comprehensive analysis of the wind, wave and ocean currents associated with Hurricane Joaquin. Using state-of-the-art reanalyses the event is assessed in high resolution and from a long-term climate perspective. The last known location of the SS El Faro was in the north-west eye-wall of Hurricane Joaquin when it was a category four major Hurricane. The maximum individual wave height in this region was over 10 m and the Benjamin-Feir index was 0.69 indicating a high likelihood of rogue waves. As the vessel tried to outrun the hurricane it was continually impacted by strong wind and waves on its port side. This was compounded with flooding that caused a starboard list which likely eventually caused the vessel to sink.

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“…The observations are stratified by direction to analyze the shielding from the platform, but only small reductions are found in directions where shielding may be expected. Gibson et al (2014) investigated field measurements of wave height and crest elevation from Saab WaveRadar instruments mounted on eight fixed jacket platforms and a Datawell Directional Waverider buoy during a severe storm in the North Sea. The storm generated seas which peaked well in excess of the 100-year significant wave height for that region.…”

Section: The 13th Workhopmentioning

confidence: 99%

The international workshop on wave hindcasting and forecasting and the coastal hazards symposium

Breivik

Swail²,

Babanin³

et al. 2015

Ocean Dynamics

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Following the 13th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting and 4th Coastal Hazards Symposium in October 2013 in Banff, Canada, a topical collection has appeared in recent issues of Ocean Dynamics. Here we give a brief overview of the history of the conference since its inception in 1986 and of the progress made in the fields of wind-generated ocean waves and the modelling of coastal hazards before we summarize the main results of the papers that have appeared in the topical collection.The period around the time of the initial workshop was a very exciting one for wave modelling, forecasting and hindcasting. The WAM model (Hasselmann et al., 1988) was in the process of becoming the first community wave model, arising out of the SWAMP program (SWAMP, 1985) and the plethora of wave models which existed in the early 1980s. The advent of these sophisticated third-generation models, and the rapidly increasing computing capabilities of numerical weather prediction centres, led to the increased use of numerical wave models in operational forecasting.With time more centres began using these models for their operational programs, and an international wave forecast comparison project was established, coordinated by The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), to evaluate forecast performance and identify areas of potential improvement (Bidlot et al., 2002). At the same time, hindcasting was becoming the accepted basis for developing wave climatology in general, and particularly for developing the basis for offshore design criteria. Due to the limitations of computing power and the lack of suitable historical wind fields, these early hindcasts covered only the most extreme storms in a limited area of the ocean. They were thus a far cry from today's decades-long, global wave hindcasts forced with atmospheric reanalyses. Yet at the time these hindcasts took a Herculean effort in terms of computing and through the meticulous preparation of suitable wind fields.An important alliance was formed in 2006, when the workshop was first co-sponsored by the WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM). Subsequently, and following the very successful JCOMM Scientific and Technical Symposium on Storm Surges in October 2007 in South Korea, a symposium on hazard assessment in coastal areas was established, and later held jointly with the Wave Workshop. This has provided an excellent opportunity for cross-pollination of ideas between wave and storm surge prediction. While the primary focus of the workshop was, and remains, wave hindcasting and forecasting, what makes this workshop unique is the treatment of the end-to-end research issues associated with ocean waves, from the basic research on wave physics to the ultimate use of the products. The topics have thus ranged from research and operational aspects of wave and storm surge hindcasting and forecasting, regional hindcasts, storm surge climatology, data collection and instrumentation, data assimilation, wave-cur...

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The statistics of wave height and crest elevation during the December 2012 storm in the North Sea

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

North Atlantic storm driving of extreme wave heights in the North Sea

North Atlantic storm driving of extreme wave heights in the North Sea

Extreme environmental forcing on the container ship SS El Faro

The international workshop on wave hindcasting and forecasting and the coastal hazards symposium

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