The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change

Feller, Ilka C.; Friess, Daniel A.; Krauss, Ken W.; Lewis, Roy R.

doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3331-z

Cited by 142 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Tropical coastal ecosystems are prone to both natural and anthropogenic disturbances (Feller, Friess, Krauss, & Lewis, ). Natural disturbances (such as tree disease and mortality) and anthropogenic disturbances (such as tree harvesting) offer opportunities for tree recruitment through gap creation, thus influencing vegetation composition (Duke, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling spatial biodiversity in the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem—The Bangladesh Sundarbans: A baseline for conservation

Sarker

Reeve

Paul³

et al. 2019

Diversity and Distributions

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Aim: Mangrove forests are among the most threatened and rapidly vanishing, but poorly understood ecosystems. We aim to uncover the variables driving mangrove biodiversity and produce baseline biodiversity maps for the Sundarbans world heritage site-the Earth's largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem. Location:The Bangladesh Sundarbans, South Asia. Methods:We collected species abundance, environmental and disturbance data from 110 permanent sample plots (PSPs) covering the entire Bangladesh Sundarbans (6,017 km 2 ). We applied generalized additive models to determine the key variables shaping the spatial distributions of mangrove diversity and community composition.Biodiversity maps were constructed using covariate-driven habitat models, and their predictive performances were compared with covariate-free (i.e., direct interpolation) approaches to see whether the inclusion of habitat variables bolster spatial predictions of biodiversity or whether we can rely on direct interpolation approaches when environmental data are not available.Results: Historical forest exploitation, disease, siltation and soil alkalinity were the key stressors causing loss of alpha and gamma diversity in mangrove communities.Both alpha and gamma diversity increased along the downstream-to-upstream and riverbank-to-forest interior gradients. Mangrove communities subjected to intensive past tree harvesting, disease outbreaks and siltation were more homogeneous in species composition (beta diversity). In contrast, heterogeneity in species composition increased along decreasing salinity and downstream-to-upstream gradients. We find that the surviving biodiversity hotspots (comprising many globally endangered tree species) are located outside the established protected area network and hence open to human exploitation. We therefore suggest bringing them immediately under protected area management. Main conclusions:We provide the first habitat-based modelling and mapping of alpha, beta and gamma diversity in threatened mangrove communities. In general, habitat-based models showed better predictive ability than the covariate-free approach. Nevertheless, the small margin of differences between the approaches

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling spatial biodiversity in the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem—The Bangladesh Sundarbans: A baseline for conservation

Sarker

Reeve

Paul³

et al. 2019

Diversity and Distributions

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The situation is further exacerbated by poor land-use planning, weak governance, and uncoordinated economic development in the coastal zone. Up to 3.6 million hectares of mangrove forests may have been lost worldwide between 1980 and 2005 [10], although rates of loss regionally and globally have reduced in the first decade of the 21st century [11][12][13]. Mangrove loss releases a substantial proportion of their stored carbon into the atmosphere (Figure 1), with mangrove deforestation in Indonesia contributing 10-31% of the country's land-use sector-linked carbon emissions [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Sensing Approaches for Monitoring Mangrove Species, Structure, and Biomass: Opportunities and Challenges

et al. 2019

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The mangrove ecosystem plays a vital role in the global carbon cycle, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change. However, mangroves have been lost worldwide, resulting in substantial carbon stock losses. Additionally, some aspects of the mangrove ecosystem remain poorly characterized compared to other forest ecosystems due to practical difficulties in measuring and monitoring mangrove biomass and their carbon stocks. Without a quantitative method for effectively monitoring biophysical parameters and carbon stocks in mangroves, robust policies and actions for sustainably conserving mangroves in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation are more difficult. In this context, remote sensing provides an important tool for monitoring mangroves and identifying attributes such as species, biomass, and carbon stocks. A wide range of studies is based on optical imagery (aerial photography, multispectral, and hyperspectral) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Remote sensing approaches have been proven effective for mapping mangrove species, estimating their biomass, and assessing changes in their extent. This review provides an overview of the techniques that are currently being used to map various attributes of mangroves, summarizes the studies that have been undertaken since 2010 on a variety of remote sensing applications for monitoring mangroves, and addresses the limitations of these studies. We see several key future directions for the potential use of remote sensing techniques combined with machine learning techniques for mapping mangrove areas and species, and evaluating their biomass and carbon stocks.

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“…Moreover, mangroves are a large carbon stock known as blue carbon [18], and the deforestation of these ecosystems entails large greenhouse gas emissions [19]. Despite all of the above-mentioned, 35% of mangroves were lost worldwide between 1980 and 2000 [16] and still continue to decrease [20]. If the current deforestation rate does not change, all mangroves could be gone by next century [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Nitrogen Pollution in a Coastal Region with Mangroves of the Southern Gulf of Mexico

Temino-Boes

Romero-López

Romero

2019

Water

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Nitrogen pollution is a growing problem in many rivers and estuaries of the Southern Gulf of Mexico. In Costa Esmeralda, a tourist destination in Veracruz, the increasing nitrogen pollution is causing severe environmental damage. However, very few studies addressed nitrogen pollution and its consequences for beaches and mangroves. In this study, a spatiotemporal evaluation of nitrogen concentrations was performed along two rivers discharging into Costa Esmeralda and the associated mangrove and coastal areas. The data used was obtained from the local government, which measured ammonium, nitrate and organic nitrogen concentrations between 2013 and 2016 with four annual measurements. Clustering analysis was used to detect the nitrogen concentration differences between riverine and coastal sites. Additionally, Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the trends throughout the study period. The Mann-Whitney W-test determined the difference in the median concentrations between the dry and the wet season. The results indicate that organic nitrogen concentrations are increasing in river mouths and coastal waters. Nitrogen pollution caused an intrusion of water hyacinths in touristic beaches and completely covered mangroves. The decomposition of these plants in saline waters was identified as the main potential source of increasing organic concentrations, driven by nitrogen pollution from wastewater, deforestation and fertilizers, and causing many environmental and socio-economic damage to the area. The results shed light on the prevailing water pollution problems in the Southern Gulf of Mexico.

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The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change

Cited by 142 publications

References 98 publications

Modelling spatial biodiversity in the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem—The Bangladesh Sundarbans: A baseline for conservation

Modelling spatial biodiversity in the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem—The Bangladesh Sundarbans: A baseline for conservation

Remote Sensing Approaches for Monitoring Mangrove Species, Structure, and Biomass: Opportunities and Challenges

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Nitrogen Pollution in a Coastal Region with Mangroves of the Southern Gulf of Mexico

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