The State of Art of Extracellular Traps in Protozoan Infections (Review)

Zhang, Jing; Sun, Ying; Zheng, Jiahong

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.770246

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…For comprehensive information on macrophage polarization during viral infections, particularly in noncholinergic settings, we highly recommend consulting the insightful reviews authored by Yu et al [30] and Atmeh et al [37]. Likewise, for information concerning macrophage polarization processes during bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, please refer to the reviews by Benoit et al [38], Xie et al [39], and Zhang et al [40], respectively.…”

Section: Polarization Of Macrophages During Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages

Roa-Vidal,

Rodríguez-Aponte,

Lasalde-Dominicci

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Macrophages serve as vital defenders, protecting the body by exhibiting remarkable cellular adaptability in response to invading pathogens and various stimuli. These cells express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with the α7-nAChR being extensively studied due to its involvement in activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Activation of this pathway plays a crucial role in suppressing macrophages’ production of proinflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating excessive inflammation and maintaining host homeostasis. Macrophage polarization, which occurs in response to specific pathogens or insults, is a process that has received limited attention concerning the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the contributions of the α7-nAChR in this context. This review aims to present evidence highlighting how the cholinergic constituents in macrophages, led by the α7-nAChR, facilitate the polarization of macrophages towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Additionally, we explore the influence of viral infections on macrophage inflammatory phenotypes, taking into account cholinergic mechanisms. We also review the current understanding of macrophage polarization in response to these infections. Finally, we provide insights into the relatively unexplored partial duplication of the α7-nAChR, known as dup α7, which is emerging as a significant factor in macrophage polarization and inflammation scenarios.

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Section: Polarization Of Macrophages During Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages

Roa-Vidal,

Rodríguez-Aponte,

Lasalde-Dominicci

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…In addition, granule contents such as lytic enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and proteases can also degrade the parasite direct or indirectly and control infection [ 112 , 116 ]. Finally, NETs, composed of DNA, histones, and granule proteins, form web-like structures that can trap and kill pathogens, including Leishmania parasites [ 117 , 118 ].…”

Section: Leishmaniasis: Immune Cells Crosstalk In Macrophage Polariza...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis: Immune Cells Crosstalk in Macrophage Polarization

et al. 2023

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Leishmaniasis is a complex infectious parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, belonging to a group of neglected tropical diseases. It establishes significant global health challenges, particularly in socio-economically disadvantaged regions. Macrophages, as innate immune cells, play a crucial role in initiating the inflammatory response against the pathogens responsible for this disease. Macrophage polarization, the process of differentiating macrophages into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, is essential for the immune response in leishmaniasis. The M1 phenotype is associated with resistance to Leishmania infection, while the M2 phenotype is predominant in susceptible environments. Notably, various immune cells, including T cells, play a significant role in modulating macrophage polarization by releasing cytokines that influence macrophage maturation and function. Furthermore, other immune cells can also impact macrophage polarization in a T-cell-independent manner. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines macrophage polarization’s role in leishmaniasis and other immune cells’ potential involvement in this intricate process.

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“…In addition, granule contents such as lytic enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and proteases can also degrade the parasite direct or indirectly and control infection [103,107]. Finally, NETs, composed of DNA, histones, and granule proteins, form web-like structures that can trap and kill pathogens, including Leishmania parasites [108,109].…”

Section: Neutrophilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis: Immune Cells Crosstalk in Macrophage Polarization

Almeida¹,

Vanderley²,

Comberlang³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Leishmaniasis is a complex infectious parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, belonging to a group of neglected tropical diseases. It poses significant global health challenges, particularly in socio-economically disadvantaged regions. Macrophages, as innate immune cells, play a crucial role in initiating the inflammatory response against the pathogens responsible for this disease. Macrophage polarization, the process of differentiating macrophages into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, is essential for the immune response in leishmaniasis. The M1 phenotype is associated with resistance to Leishmania infection, while the M2 phenotype is predominant in susceptible environments. Notably, various immune cells, including T cells, play a significant role in modulating macrophage polarization by releasing cytokines that influence macrophage maturation and function. Furthermore, other immune cells can also impact macrophage polarization in a T-cell-dependent manner. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines macrophage polarization's role in leishmaniasis and other immune cells' potential involvement in this intricate process.

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The State of Art of Extracellular Traps in Protozoan Infections (Review)

Cited by 5 publications

References 88 publications

Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages

Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages

Leishmaniasis: Immune Cells Crosstalk in Macrophage Polarization

Leishmaniasis: Immune Cells Crosstalk in Macrophage Polarization

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