The Star Excursion Balance Test: An Update Review and Practical Guidelines

Picot, Brice; Terrier, Romain; Forestier, Nicolas; Fourchet, François

doi:10.1123/ijatt.2020-0106

Cited by 44 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Balance tests (e.g., one-legged stance) are frequently used to quantify balance performance. For the purpose of standardization, the use of arm movement is often limited during test execution (Gribble et al, 2012 ; Picot et al, 2021 ). For example, the arms are fixed at the hips or placed flat across the chest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Arm Movement and Task Difficulty on Balance Performance in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Muehlbauer

Hill

Heise

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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BackgroundStudies have shown that restricted compared to free arm movement negatively affects balance performance during balance assessment and this is reinforced when the level of task difficulty (e.g., varying stance/walk conditions, sensory manipulations) is increased. However, it remains unclear whether these findings apply to individuals with differences in the development of the postural control system. Thus, we examined the influence of arm movement and task difficulty on balance performance in children, adolescents, and young adults.MethodsStatic, dynamic, and proactive balance performance were assessed in 40 children (11.5 ± 0.6 years), 30 adolescents (14.0 ± 1.1 years), and 41 young adults (24.7 ± 3.0 years) using the same standardized balance tests [i.e., one-legged stance (OLS) time with eyes opened/closed and/or on firm/foam ground, 3-m beam (width: 6, 4.5, or 3 cm) walking backward step number, Lower Quarter Y-Balance test (YBT-LQ) reach distance] with various difficulty levels under free vs. restricted arm movement conditions.ResultsIn all but one test, balance performance was significantly better during free compared to restricted arm movement. Arm by age interactions were only observed for the YBT-LQ and post hoc analyses revealed significantly greater performance differences between free and restricted arm movement, especially, in young adults. Arm by age by task difficulty interactions were found for the OLS and the 3-m beam walking backward test. Post hoc analyses showed significantly greater performance differences between free and restricted arm movement during high vs. low levels of task difficulty and this was more pronounced in children and adolescents.ConclusionsRegardless of age, static, dynamic, and proactive balance performance benefited from arm movements and this was especially noted for youth performing difficult balance tasks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Arm Movement and Task Difficulty on Balance Performance in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Muehlbauer

Hill

Heise

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…The composite (COM) reach distance was calculated as the sum of three directions divided by three times the length of the lower limbs and then multiplied by 100. Previous studies demonstrated high interrater reliability in the assessment of the mSEBT reach distances [ 47 , 48 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Selected Screening Tests and Knee Alignment in Single-Leg Tasks among Young Football Players

Wilczyński

Radzimiński

Sobierajska-Rek

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This study aimed to examine the relationship between knee valgus in the frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) during single-leg squat (SLS), single-leg landing (SLL), and other selected clinical tests in young athletes. Forty-three young healthy elite football players (age: 13.2 (1.7) years) that were regularly training in a local sports club participated in the study. The FPPA was assessed using 2D video analysis. The screening tests included the passive single-leg raise (PSLR), hip external and internal rotation (hip ER and IR), sit and reach test, weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT), modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT), countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg hop for distance (SLHD), and age peak height velocity (APHV). There was a significant positive relationship between the knee valgus angles in the SLS test and the sit and reach test (r = 0.34) and a negative relationship with the hip ER ROM (r = −0.34) (p < 0.05). The knee valgus angles in the SLL were negatively associated with the hip IR (r = −0.32) and ER ROM (r = −0.34) and positive associated with the WBLT (r = 0.35) and sit and reach test (r = 0.33) (p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that the results of the hip ER ROM and sit and reach tests were independent predictors of the FPPA in the SLS test (r2 = 0.11, p = 0.03 and r2 = 0.12, p = 0.02, respectively). The conducted study showed that individuals with more hip range of motion, more spine flexion extensibility, and less ankle dorsiflexion ROM may be more likely to experience high degrees of knee valgus in FPPA.

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“…Although the systematic review by Gribble et al (2012) provides recommendations for the most reliable procedure, various protocols have been described in the literature. Recent practical guidelines emphasize the need for consistent procedures (Picot et al, 2021). The most common and reliable method requires four practice trials in the ANT, PM, and PL directions followed by three recorded trials on each leg.…”

Section: Star Excursion Balance Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distance is recorded (in cm) and evaluated in relation to the limb length (from the anterior and superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus). As recently discussed by Picot et al (2021) everal foot positions have been also described during the test and could result in significant misinterpretation when comparing studies. The most commonly used procedure, especially in large cohorts, is described with the most distal aspect of the big toe at the intersection of the three directions.…”

Section: Star Excursion Balance Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Functional Tests and Self-Reported Questionnaires Can Help Clinicians Make Valid Return to Sport Decisions in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability? A Narrative Review and Expert Opinion

Picot

Hardy

Terrier

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Lateral ankle sprain is the most common injury in sports, with up to 40% of patients developing chronic ankle instability (CAI). One possible cause underlying this high rate of recurrence or feeling of giving way may be a premature return to sport (RTS). Indeed, except for time-based parameters, there are no specific criteria to guide clinicians in their RTS decisions in patients with CAI. A recent international consensus highlighted the relevance and importance of including patient-reported ankle function questionnaires combined with functional tests targeting ankle impairments in this population. Thus, the aim of this narrative review and expert opinion was to identify the most relevant functional performance tests and self-reported questionnaires to help clinicians in their RTS decision-making process following recurrent ankle sprains or surgical ankle stabilization. The PubMed (MEDLINE), PEDro, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect databases were searched to identify published articles. Results showed that the single leg stance test on firm surfaces, the modified version of the star excursion balance test, the side hop test and the figure-of-8 test appeared to be the most relevant functional performance tests to target ankle impairments in patients with CAI. A combination of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and the Ankle Ligament Reconstruction-Return to Sport after Injury (ALR-RSI) questionnaires were the most relevant self-reported questionnaires to assess patient function in the context of CAI. Although these functional tests and questionnaires provide a solid foundation for clinicians to validate their RTS decisions in patient with CAI, objective scientific criteria with cut-off scores are still lacking. In addition to the proposed test cluster, an analysis of the context, in particular characteristics related to sports (e.g., fatigue, cognitive constraints), to obtain more information about the patient's risk of recurrent injury could be of added value when making a RTS decision in patients with CAI. In order to evaluate the strength of evertors under ecological conditions, it would also be interesting to assess the ability to control weight-bearing ankle inversion in a unipodal stance. Further studies are needed to assess the relevance of this proposed test cluster in RTS decision-making following lateral ankle sprain injury and CAI.

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The Star Excursion Balance Test: An Update Review and Practical Guidelines

Cited by 44 publications

References 54 publications

Effect of Arm Movement and Task Difficulty on Balance Performance in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Effect of Arm Movement and Task Difficulty on Balance Performance in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Association between Selected Screening Tests and Knee Alignment in Single-Leg Tasks among Young Football Players

Which Functional Tests and Self-Reported Questionnaires Can Help Clinicians Make Valid Return to Sport Decisions in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability? A Narrative Review and Expert Opinion

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