The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and Their Relatives

Marrack, Philippa; Kappler, John W.

doi:10.1126/science.2185544

Cited by 1,685 publications

(266 citation statements)

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“…MN NJ is an isolate from a case of nonmenstrual TSS in which our laboratory has described the presence of two novel enterotoxins, SEK (12) and SEQ. 2 The repeated 17-nucleotide sequences flanking SaPI3 were identical to the att sites of SaPI1 (5Ј-TTATTTAGCAGGATAA-3Ј) and thus might form the basis of pathogenicity island exclusion (i.e. the lack of TSST-1 and SEB in the same clinical isolates).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the secreted factors are the pyrogenic toxin superantigens that have the ability to activate large populations (10 -50%) of T lymphocytes in a manner specific to the variable region of the ␤-chain of the T-cell receptor (2). The ensuing massive cytokine release results in the symptoms of TSS, including fever, hypotension, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, multiple organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and desquamation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we report the complete sequence and map of SaPI3 encoding SEB and the more recently identified enterotoxins, SEK (12) and SEQ. 2 Furthermore, we describe for the first time the expression of the numerous genes contained on a staphylococcal pathogenicity island using DNA microarray technology. We then discuss the implications for the evolution of the staphylococcal pathogenicity islands.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and Expression Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity Island 3

Yarwood

McCormick

Paustian

et al. 2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

126

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We describe the complete sequence of the 15.9-kb staphylococcal pathogenicity island 3 encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin serotypes B, K, and Q. The island, which meets the generally accepted definition of pathogenicity islands, contains 24 open reading frames potentially encoding proteins of more than 50 amino acids, including an apparently functional integrase. The element is bordered by two 17-bp direct repeats identical to those found flanking staphylococcal pathogenicity island 1. The island has extensive regions of homology to previously described pathogenicity islands, particularly staphylococcal pathogenicity islands 1 and bov. The expression of 22 of the 24 open reading frames contained on staphylococcal pathogenicity island 3 was detected either in vitro during growth in a laboratory medium or serum or in vivo in a rabbit model of toxic shock syndrome using DNA microarrays. The effect of oxygen tension on staphylococcal pathogenicity island 3 gene expression was also examined. By comparison with the known staphylococcal pathogenicity islands in the context of gene expression described here, we propose a model of pathogenicity island origin and evolution involving specialized transduction events and addition, deletion, or recombination of pathogenicity island "modules."

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization and Expression Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity Island 3

Yarwood

McCormick

Paustian

et al. 2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

126

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“…E-mail: unirinkai@nch.go.jp pyogenic exotoxins, are known. Although almost all of members are produced by the Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes [9], YPM is the only known Gram-negative bacillary superantigen whose primary structure substantially differs from other bacterial superantigens [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the functional region on the superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis‐derived mitogen responsible for induction of lymphocyte proliferation by using synthetic peptides

Yoshino¹,

Takao

Ishibashi

et al. 1996

FEBS Letters

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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen (YPM)is the unique Gram-negative bacillary superantigen known. In order to identify the regions on the YPM molecule involved in its superantigenic activity, seven overlapping peptides of the entire YPM molecule were synthesized and tested to evaluate their effects on the YPM-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A peptide corresponding to the N-terminal amino acid sequence (1-23) was found to inhibit YPM-induced lymphocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The N-terminal peptide was found to show no inhibition of the proliferation induced by the other superantigen (staphylococcal enterotoxin B) or the other T-cell mitogen pertussis toxin, indicating that the inhibition is specific to YPM-induced proliferation. Thus, we have identified the N-terminal region (1-23) of the YPM as one of the functional regions responsible for its superantigenic activity.

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“…However, a category of antigens has recently been described for which T-cell recognition is essentially based on the expressed Vp gene segment alone. Such antigens, collectively termed "superantigens" (6), include not only endogenous molecules such as minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) determinants (7)(8)(9)(10) and other self-ligands (11-13) but also exogenous substances, such as microbial products (14). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomically imposed and somatically modified human thymocyte V beta gene repertoires.

Baccalà¹,

Kono²,

Walker³

et al. 1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The effect of thymic selection on the expressed human T-cell antigen receptor fl-chain variable region (Vat) gene repertoire was examined by using a multiprobe RNase protection assay. The relative abundance of transcripts for 22 Vp genes (encompassing 17 of the 20 human Vp gene subfamilies) within a thymus, and among 17 thymuses, was variable. On the basis of the presence of corresponding mRNAs, no genomic deletions were detected, but several coding region polymorphisms were identified. Analysis of mature T-cell subsets revealed the absence of complete "superantigen"-mediated Vp deletions, suggesting that this phenomenon, in contrast to mouse, is uncommon or absent in humans. However, several Vp genes were over-or underexpressed in one or both mature single-positive (CD418-or CD8+4-) thymocyte subsets compared to syngeneic total, mostly immature thymocytes. Whether these changes are induced by relatively weak superantigens or conventional antigens and whether the downshifts are caused by negative selection or lack of positive selection remains to be determined. MATERIALS AND METHODSCell Preparations. Total thymocytes were prepared from 17 thymuses (HT-1 to HT-17) of children undergoing cardiovascular surgery at the Children's Hospital (Los Angeles). Donors ranged from 3 days to 10 years old and included eight males and nine females (10 Caucasians, 6 Hispanics, and 1 Asian). Double-positive (CD4+8+) and double-negative (CD4-8-) thymocytes were isolated by two-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting with appropriate antibodies (Becton Dickinson). Single-positive (CD4+8-or CD8+4-) thymocytes were isolated from five donors (HT-13 to HT-17) by using magnetic beads conjugated with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies (Dynal, Great Neck, NY).RNA Probes. All probe templates were generated by the PCR method (19) on DNA isolated as described (20) from a single human thymus (HT-5, Caucasian male, 3 days old). PCR products were purified, ligated into Sma I-digested pGEM-7zf (Promega), and sequenced (21). Plasmids containing correct sequences were linearized (HindIII or EcoRI), and their transcription products were tested separately in the RNase protection assay. On the basis of the size of the protected bands, 22 linearized templates were then pooled into one of three probe sets with the following composition. 2908The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and Their Relatives

Cited by 1,685 publications

References 94 publications

Characterization and Expression Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity Island 3

Characterization and Expression Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenicity Island 3

Identification of the functional region on the superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis‐derived mitogen responsible for induction of lymphocyte proliferation by using synthetic peptides

Genomically imposed and somatically modified human thymocyte V beta gene repertoires.

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