The standardised copy of pentagons test

Fountoulakis, Konstantinos Ν.; Siamouli, Melina; Panagiotidis, Panagiotis; Magiria, Stamatia; Kantartzis, Sotiris; Terzoglou, Vassiliki A; Oral, Timuçin

doi:10.1186/1744-859x-10-13

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It has been suggested by one meta-analysis that there is significant impairment of neurocognitive function with advancing age [ 8 ], while a second one reported that the difference between patients with BD and healthy controls attenuates with age, and probably this happens because the neurocognitive performance of healthy people deteriorates with age, at a rate which seems to be faster in comparison to what is observed in patients with BD [ 12 ] thus leading to a floor effect. A similar phenomenon has been observed in schizophrenia [ 327 – 329 ]. Another meta-analysis reported no effect for age [ 66 ]…”

Section: Reviewsupporting

confidence: 81%

The neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of data

Tsitsipa

Fountoulakis

2015

Ann Gen Psychiatry

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Background: During the last decades, there have been many different opinions concerning the neurocognitive function in Bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of the current study was to perform a systematic review of the literature and to synthesize the data in a comprehensive picture of the neurocognitive dysfunction in BD. Methods: Papers were located with searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, through June 1st 2015. The review followed a modified version of the recommendations of the Preferred Items for Reporting of Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses statement. Results:The initial search returned 110,403 papers. After the deletion of duplicates, 11,771 papers remained for further evaluation. Eventually, 250 were included in the analysis. Conclusion:The current review supports the presence of a neurocognitive deficit in BD, in almost all neurocognitive domains. This deficit is qualitative similar to that observed in schizophrenia but it is less severe. There are no differences between BD subtypes. Its origin is unclear. It seems it is an enduring component and represents a core primary characteristic of the illness, rather than being secondary to the mood state or medication. This core deficit is confounded (either increased or attenuated) by the disease phase, specific personal characteristics of the patients (age, gender, education, etc.), current symptomatology and its treatment (especially psychotic features) and long-term course and long-term exposure to medication, psychiatric and somatic comorbidity and alcohol and/or substance abuse.

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Section: Reviewsupporting

confidence: 81%

The neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of data

Tsitsipa

Fountoulakis

2015

Ann Gen Psychiatry

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“…For the test, a subject is asked to copy or draw two interlocking pentagons with the interlocking shape being a rhombus. The interpretation of PDT is usually binary, but there are several ways of interpreting PDT such as a feasible scoring for a total of 6 or 10 points [25,26], a standardized scoring for use in psychiatric populations [27], and a qualitative measure with a total of 13 points [5]. The established scores for a total of 6 points are as follows: 6 points for correct copying; 5 points for two overlapping pictures, one being a pentagon; 4 points for only two overlapping pictures; 3 points for having two figures, not overlapping; 2 points for a closed figure; and 1 point when the drawing does not have the shape of a closed figure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have shown evidence for the PDT being prognostic for the assessment of visuospatial functions. The PDT has been used in the differentiation of dementia with Lewy Bodies, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (with or without dementia), paraphrenia, schizophrenia, and obsessive compulsive disorder, with the qualitative scoring systems applied rather than using the binary scoring system [6,9,[26][27][28][29][30]. An associative study of the PDT and the CDT has also shown the PDT to be applicable as a prognostic marker in dementia with Lewy Bodies [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic, Qualitative Scoring of the Interlocking Pentagon Drawing Test (PDT) Based on U-Net and Mobile Sensor Data

Park

Kim

et al. 2020

Sensors

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We implemented a mobile phone application of the pentagon drawing test (PDT), called mPDT, with a novel, automatic, and qualitative scoring method for the application based on U-Net (a convolutional network for biomedical image segmentation) coupled with mobile sensor data obtained with the mPDT. For the scoring protocol, the U-Net was trained with 199 PDT hand-drawn images of 512 × 512 resolution obtained via the mPDT in order to generate a trained model, Deep5, for segmenting a drawn right or left pentagon. The U-Net was also trained with 199 images of 512 × 512 resolution to attain the trained model, DeepLock, for segmenting an interlocking figure. Here, the epochs were iterated until the accuracy was greater than 98% and saturated. The mobile senor data primarily consisted of x and y coordinates, timestamps, and touch-events of all the samples with a 20 ms sampling period. The velocities were then calculated using the primary sensor data. With Deep5, DeepLock, and the sensor data, four parameters were extracted. These included the number of angles (0–4 points), distance/intersection between the two drawn figures (0–4 points), closure/opening of the drawn figure contours (0–2 points), and tremors detected (0–1 points). The parameters gave a scaling of 11 points in total. The performance evaluation for the mPDT included 230 images from subjects and their associated sensor data. The results of the performance test indicated, respectively, a sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision of 97.53%, 92.62%, 94.35%, and 87.78% for the number of angles parameter; 93.10%, 97.90%, 96.09%, and 96.43% for the distance/intersection parameter; 94.03%, 90.63%, 92.61%, and 93.33% for the closure/opening parameter; and 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00%, and 100.00% for the detected tremor parameter. These results suggest that the mPDT is very robust in differentiating dementia disease subtypes and is able to contribute to clinical practice and field studies.

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“…The sub-tests of the MMSE score 6 points for memory, 10 for orientation, 5 for attention, 8 for language and only 1 for praxis, which is evaluated by drawing two intersecting pentagons, in which the interconnected area should be shaped like a rhombus. 11 , 12 The interpretation of the pentagon drawing test (PDT) is usually binary, with 1 point for the correct figure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several ways of interpreting the test, besides the binary method used in the MMSE. 1 , 12 Bourke et al (1995) described an easy scoring scale for the PDT with a total of 6 points. 9 One point is given for lines drawn or attempt to draw a figure, 2 for drawing a figure, 3 for two figures not overlapping; 4 for two overlapping figures, 5 for an overlapping connection and one figure being a pentagon, and 6 for the correct copy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of the Pentagon Drawing test for the screening of older adults with Alzheimer's dementia

Martinelli

Cecato

Martinelli

et al. 2018

Dement. neuropsychol.

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The Pentagon Drawing Test (PDT) is a common cognitive screening test.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate performance properties of a specific PDT scoring scale in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 390 elderly patients, aged 60 years or older with at least two years of education was conducted. All participants completed clinical and neuropsychological evaluations, including the Cambridge Cognitive Examination, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Clock Drawing Test. All PDT were blindly scored with the scale of Bourke et al.Results: PDT analyses of the binary score on the MMSE (0 or 1 point) did not discriminate AD from controls (p = 0.839). However, when PDT was analyzed using the Bourke et al. scale, the two groups could be distinguished (p <0.001). PDT was not affected by education, showed sensitivity of 85.5% and specificity of 66.9%, discriminated different clinical stages of dementia, and correlated with the other cognitive tests (p <0.001). A 1-point difference on the Bourke et al. scale was associated with an odds ratio of 3.46 for AD.Conclusion: PDT can be used as a cognitive screen for suspected cases of dementia, especially AD, irrespective of educational level.

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The standardised copy of pentagons test

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

The neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of data

The neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of data

Automatic, Qualitative Scoring of the Interlocking Pentagon Drawing Test (PDT) Based on U-Net and Mobile Sensor Data

Performance of the Pentagon Drawing test for the screening of older adults with Alzheimer's dementia

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