The Staining of Mast Cells: A Historical Overview

Ribatti, Doménico

doi:10.1159/000487538

Cited by 102 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…2B), revealed that the remodeling equilibrium was highly shifted towards the lysis direction. Change in the staining properties from blue to red implicates maturation of the mast cells when stained with the above-mentioned technique [15,16]. Our findings indicate the presence of mature mast cells (Fig.…”

Section: Wm Bone Biopsies Present High-grade Malignant Cell Infiltratsupporting

confidence: 51%

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Monitoring Mast Cell Populations in Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia: A Xenotransplantation Study

Siskos

Bekiari

Poutahidis

et al. 2019

JHOR

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Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized mainly by uncontrolled accrual of M- immunoglobulin, secreted by malignant lymphoplasmatic cells. Mast cells interacting with malignant B-cells play an important role at the manifestation of the disease. Utilizing a previous xenotransplantation mouse model, this study evaluates long-term implant viability and quantifies distinct bone marrow mast cell populations along with their dynamics in non-WM and WM human bone implants. Non-WM bone implants were obtained from the femoral head of adult humans undergoing hip arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty, whereas WM human bone implants originated from bone biopsies obtained from the posterior iliac crest of patients with active WM. All bone particles were implanted intramuscularly in twenty-four NOD/SCID mice. Following 3, 4 or 8 months postoperatively, xenografts were removed and studied using special histological techniques to identify mature and immature mast cells. Xenografts survived up to 8 months after implantation presenting normal cytoarchitecture (non-WM) or high-grade neoplastic infiltration and microresorption (WM bone biopsies). Statistical analysis of mast cell populations showed significant elevation regarding time progression and bone marrow microenvironment, thus suggesting the possible influence of malignant cells to the mast cell population in WM. This study presents the extended survival of intramuscular implantation of human adult bone xenografts into NOD/SCID mice and provides additional information on the interaction between mast cells and malignant B-cells.

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Section: Wm Bone Biopsies Present High-grade Malignant Cell Infiltratsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Mast cells express the Kit receptor for the stem cell factor, which plays important role in regulating mast cell biology [15]. C-kit positive cells were found in the highly populated area of the bone marrow ( Fig.…”

Section: Wm Bone Biopsies Present High-grade Malignant Cell Infiltratmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Mast Cell Populations in Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia: A Xenotransplantation Study

Siskos

Bekiari

Poutahidis

et al. 2019

JHOR

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“…However, the two stains cannot differentiate mast cells secreting tryptase and chymase from mast cells secreting tryptase only. 13,14 Mast cells were counted throughout the entire extent of the biopsy specimens and counts were expressed in cells/mm 2 under 40x magnification (final magnification 1600x). Area calculations were performed with the aid of a stage micrometer measuring 1000 µm, from which the diameter of the field of view of a light microscope was measured.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mast cells in the kidney biopsies of pediatric patients with lupus nephritis

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Mast cells may be involved in inflammation and contribute to the onset of fibrosis in lupus nephritis (LN). Objective: This study aimed to correlate the presence of mast cells in kidney biopsy specimens of pediatric patients with LN with activity (AI) and chronicity (CI) indices and assess how effectively mast cells may be used as a prognostic factor. Method: The study included 40 patients aged 6-18 years diagnosed with LN at the Renal Disease Service of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro between 1996 and 2015. Workup and epidemiological data were evaluated vis-à-vis AI, CI, and mast cell counts (MCC). Results: Significant positive correlations were found between mast cell counts (MCC) and AI (p = 0.003; r: 0.66) and MCC and CI (p = 0.048; r: 0.48). The ROC curve showed that mast cells were highly sensitive and specific in the differentiation of patients with an AI > 12 from individuals with an AI ≤ 12. Serum creatinine levels were higher in individuals with class IV LN than in patients with class V disease [1.50 (0.40-20.90) vs. 0.70 (0.62-0.90), p = 0.04]. Blood urea nitrogen had a positive significant correlation with MCC (p = 0.002; r: 0.75). A trend toward a negative correlation was observed between MCC and serum albumin (p = 0.06; r: -0.5459). Kidney biopsies of patients with nephrotic syndrome had higher MCC [2.12 (0.41-5.140) vs. 0.53 (0.0-3.94), p = 0.07]. Conclusion: Inflammatory cell infiltration and morphological differences between cell types in the inflammatory infiltrate are relevant factors in the assessment of the LN. Mast cell analysis and AI/CI assessment may be relevant prognostic indicators for pediatric patients with LN.

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“…Regarding for blue toluidine staining, we only considered granulated mast cells, those with visible metachromatic granules. Also morphologic features were taken into account that indicated that these cells were indeed mature granulated mast cells as described before (30).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commonly, toluidine blue staining of granules is the method used for the identification and quantification of mast cells in most tissues (29,30), but it is not always possible to detect fully degranulated mast cells with this technique (31). Alternately, CD117, which is a mast/stem cell grown factor receptor (SCFR) found in the membrane of mast cells, had been targeted to determinate activated mast cell in several tissues, including degranulated mast cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa (32,33).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphocyte subpopulations and mast cells intestinal changes as indicators of inflammatory bowel disease in dogs

Espinoza-Zambrano

González

2019

Preprint

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13 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disease with recurring 14 gastrointestinal symptoms. Lymphocytes and mast cells are proposed as 15 important components in the immunopathology of IBD in dogs. Mast cells 16 depend on degranulation, a process that compromises mucosal 17 permeability and normal intestinal barrier function, which alters the normal 18 inflammatory process by allowing recruitment of lymphocytes in dogs with 19 IBD. In this study, T and B lymphocyte populations and mast cells were 20 examined in situ in 39 intestinal samples of dogs affected by IBD, by 2 21 immunohistochemistry. Both T lymphocytes and mast cells numbers were 22 significantly higher in the lamina propria of the intestinal wall of dogs with 23 IBD compared with control dogs. Out of the total number of mast cells 24 detected by CD117 expression significantly less cells appear to be 25 granulated according to granule staining with Toluidine Blue, suggesting 26 that an important degranulation process takes place in IBD. Single and 27 double immune staining for tryptase and chymase showed that mast cells 28 can express only one or both enzymes. Tryptase positive cells were 29 significantly higher in number that chymase positive and 30 tryptase/chymase positive cells. T lymphocytes were concentrated mostly 31 at the upper portion of the intestinal villi lamina propria while mast cells 32 were distributed mainly among crypts. These results suggest that 33 populations of T lymphocytes and mast cells play a role in the 34 immunopathology and development of IBD in dogs, also these changes 35 could be helpful as complementary indicators of canine IBD. 36 37 Keywords: dog; inflammatory bowel disease; immunohistochemistry; T 38 lymphocytes; mast cells 39 40 42 disorders characterized by persistent or recurring gastrointestinal 43 symptoms with histologic evidence of inflammatory cell infiltration (1). 3 44 There are different forms of IBD in dogs, depending on the main cell type 45 involved and the affected portion of the intestine where the infiltration 46 takes place, being lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis the most common 47 form (2). The etiology of IBD remains unknown. Several studies suggest 48 that these diseases result from inappropriate immune responses to the 49 intestinal microbiome in genetically susceptible individuals (3-6). There 50 are several factors involved including microbiome, environmental factors, 51 genetic predisposition, and changes in the immune response of the 52 individual, which may lead to loss of tolerance to the endogenous flora 53 and the development of chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract 54 (7,8). 55 Different studies (9-12) suggest that a primary defect in the 56 recognition of commensal bacteria or bacterial pathogens in the intestinal 57 lumen, may lead to an increase in the production of IL-23, that induce 58 naïve T cells to differentiate into T-helper (Th) lymphocytes, which release 59 large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines (13,14). Theses cytokines 60 damage the intestinal epitheliu...

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The Staining of Mast Cells: A Historical Overview

Cited by 102 publications

References 39 publications

Monitoring Mast Cell Populations in Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia: A Xenotransplantation Study

Monitoring Mast Cell Populations in Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia: A Xenotransplantation Study

Mast cells in the kidney biopsies of pediatric patients with lupus nephritis

Lymphocyte subpopulations and mast cells intestinal changes as indicators of inflammatory bowel disease in dogs

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