The stability of the coiled-coil structure near to N-terminus influence the heat resistance of harpin proteins from Xanthomonas

Abstract

Background Heat resistance is a common characteristic of harpins, a class of proteins found in Gram-negative bacteria, which may be related to the stability of coiled-coil (CC) structure. The CC structure is a ubiquitous protein folding and assembly motif made of α-helices wrapping around each other forming a supercoil. Specifically, whether the stability of the CC structure near to N-terminus of four selected harpin proteins from Xanthomonas (hereafter referred to as Hpa1) would influence their characteristics of heat resistance was investigated. We used bioinformatics approach to predict the structure of Hpa1, used the performance of hypersensitive response (HR)-induction activity of Hpa1 and circular dichroism (CD) spectral analyses to detect the relationship between the stability of the CC structure of Hpa1 and heat resistance. Results Each of four-selected Hpa1 has two α-helical regions with one in their N-terminus that could form CC structure, and the other in their C-terminus that could not. And the important amino acid residues involved in the CC motifs are located on helices present on the surface of these proteins, indicating they may engage in the formation of oligo mericaggregates, which may be responsible for HR elicitation by harpins and their high thermal stability. Increased or decreased the probability of forming a CC could either induce a stronger HR response or eliminate the ability to induce HR in tobacco after high temperature treatment. In addition, although the four Hpa1 mutants had little effect on the induction of HR by Hpa1, its thermal stability was significantly decreased. The α-helical content increased with increasing temperature, and the secondary structures of Hpa1 became almost entirely α-helices when the temperature reached 200 °C. Moreover, the stability of the CC structure near to N-terminus was found to be positively correlated with the heat resistance of Hpa1. Conclusions The stability of the CC structure might sever as an inner drive for mediating the heat resistance of harpin proteins. Our results offer a new insight into the interpretation of the mechanism involved in the heat resistance of harpin protein and provide a theoretical basis for further harpin function investigations and structure modifications.

Deciphering the role of plant plasma membrane lipids in response to invasion patterns: how could biology and biophysics help?

“…2) (Choi et al, 2013). Harpins are generally characterized as rich in glycine and cysteine free (Liu et al, 2020). They act as virulence factors (or effector helper proteins) for pathogenic bacteria at the host PM level (Medina et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018).…”

COCONUT: An analysis of coiled-coil regions in proteins

“…Various studies have attempted to characterize the stability of coiled-coils using techniques such as mutagenesis (40–42, 49, 50), the effect of pH (43–46, 51), and the role of hydrophobic interactions (to name a few) (20, 47, 48). While these studies have undoubtedly advanced our understanding of coiled-coils, we do not yet have the means of using this knowledge in a predictive sense, i.e., identifying potential binding partners of coiled-coils, predicting coiled-coil orientation, etc.…”