This study of 89 Flemish high-school students' grades for L1 (Dutch), L2 (French), L3 (English) and L4 (German) investigates the effects of three higher-level personality dimensions (psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism), one lower-level personality dimension (foreign language anxiety) and sociobiographical variables (gender, social class) on the participants' language grades. Analyses of variance revealed no significant effects of the higher-level personality dimensions on grades. Participants with high levels of foreign language anxiety obtained significantly lower grades in the L2 and L3. Gender and social class had no effect. Strong positive correlations between grades in the different languages could point to an underlying sociocognitive dimension. The implications of these findings are discussed.doi: 10.2167/ijm080.0 Keywords: extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, foreign language anxiety, language grades
IntroductionGardner and MacIntyre (1992: 212) noted that 'there are probably as many factors that might account for individual differences in achievement in a second language as there are individuals . . . '. This statement could induce the naive reader into believing that Gardner and MacIntyre are postmodernists. The second part of the sentence does put things straight: 'however, they may be grouped into one of the two classifications of cognitive or affective variables ' (p. 212). The uniqueness of the individual language learner is one of the central tenets of postmodern enquiry into second language learning. Postmodern researchers typically present detailed case studies of learners within a local and sociohistorical context (see for example Kinginger, 2004; to appear). They are wary of cognitive variables and avoid categorisations and generalisations. Social psychologists like Gardner and MacIntyre, on the other hand, thrive on categorisations of large groups of learners sharing specific characteristics that are identified as possible causes for success in second language learning.The present study is firmly situated within the latter research area, but it does acknowledge the warnings of postmodernists. It deals with interindividual variation linked to sociobiographical and psychological variables in final 1479-0718/07/03 169-29 $20.00/0 -2007 J-M. Dewaele International Journal of Multilingualism Vol. 4, No. 3, 2007 169 year language grades for the L1, L2, L3 and L4 of 89 Flemish high-school students. More specifically, it focuses on the effect of higher-level personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism), and Á for the L2 and L3 Á the effect of a lower-order personality dimension, foreign language anxiety (FLA). It also considers the relationship between grades in the different languages, which could point to an underlying dimension of language aptitude. No study has, to my knowledge, ever considered the effect of multiple psychological and sociobiographical variables on students' language grades in the L1 and up to three foreign languages. Research has often focused on...