“…Numerous variants of the Kuramoto model have been examined (Acebrón et al, 2005). Some variants incorporate features such as plasticity, which allows for changes in the interaction strength between oscillators (Aoki & Aoyagi, 2009;Bronski et al, 2017;Fialkowski et al, 2023;Ha et al, 2018Ha et al, , 2016Niyogi & English, 2009;Park et al, 2021;Picallo & Riecke, 2011;Poyato, 2019;Ren & Zhao, 2007;Seliger et al, 2002). Furthermore, in the Kuramoto model, the EI balance is conceptualized as a balance between two conflicting forces (EI-Kuramoto model), leading to synchronized oscillations induced through feedback mechanisms (Montbrió & Pazó, 2018) and transfer between different dynamic states, synchronized, bistable, and desynchronized, by modulating the EI-balance (Kuroki & Mizuseki, 2024).…”