The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: Genetic variation and genetic distance

Ferrell, Robert E.; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Gershowitz, Henry; Laughlin, William S.; Schull, William J.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330550309

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Alaskan Eskimo samples were collected from Kodiak Island [Old Harbor (n = 156) and Ouzinkie (n = 56)] (Majumder et al, 1988), St. Lawrence Island [Savoonga (n = 68) and Gambell (n = 72)] (Ferrell et al, 1981), and Southwestern Alaska Eupik Eskimos (n = 177)] (Petersen et al, 1991). DNA was extracted from plasma.…”

Section: This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World

Merriwether

Rothhammer

Ferrell

1995

American J Phys Anthropol

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265

178

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The distribution of the four founding lineage haplogroups in Native Americans from North, Central, and South America shows a north to south increase in the frequency of lineage B and a North to South decrease in the frequency of lineage A. All four founding lineage haplogroups were detected in North, Central, and South America, and in Greenberg et al.'s ([1986] Curr. Anthropol. 27:477-497) three major linguistic groups (Amerind, NaDene, and Eskaleut), with all four haplogroups often found within a single population. Lineage A was the most common lineage in North America, regardless of language group. This overall distribution is most parsimonious with a single wave of migration into the New World which included multiple variants of all four founding lineage types. Torroni et al.'s ([1993a] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53:563-590) report that lineage B has a more recent divergence time than the other three lineages can best be explained by multiple variants of lineages A, C, and D, and fewer variants of lineage B entering the New World. Alternatively, there could have been multiple waves of migration from a single parent population in Asia/Siberia which repeatedly reintroduced the same lineages to the New World.

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Section: This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World

Merriwether

Rothhammer

Ferrell

1995

American J Phys Anthropol

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265

178

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“…Two recent studies confirm these results. Ferrell et al (1981) typed 221 St. Lawrence Island Eskimo and found only two polymorphic haplotypes: Grn1;21 (0.681) and Grn1;11J3 (0.303). Sukernik and Osipova (1982) found a similar distribution in 100 New Chaplino Eskimo, 0.795 and 0.205. remectivelv.…”

Section: Keams' Canyonmentioning

confidence: 99%

GM allotypes in Native Americans: Evidence for three distinct migrations across the Bering land bridge

Williams

Steinberg

Gershowitz

et al. 1985

American J Phys Anthropol

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126

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We report the results of typings, for immunoglobulin G allotypes, of 5392 Native Americans from ten samples, the typings having been performed over the last 20 years. Four cultural groups are represented: the Pimans-Pima and Papago; the Puebloans-Zuni and Hopi; the Pai-Walapai; and the Athabascans-Apache and Navajo. The haplotype Gm1;21 has the highest frequency in each population while Gm1,2;21 is polymorphic in all except the Hopi. The Mongoloid marker Gm1;11,13 is found primarily in the Athabascans. The Caucasian haplotype Gm3;5,11,13 is found at polymorphic frequencies in several of the populations but its frequency is very low or absent among nonadmixed individuals. Although Nei's standard genetic distance analysis demonstrates genetic similarity at the Gm and Km loci, the heterogeneity that does exist is consistent both with what is known about the prehistory of Native Americans and traditional cultural categories. When the current Gm distributions are analyzed with respect to the three-migration hypothesis, there are three distinct Gm distributions for the postulated migrants: Gm1;21 and Gm1,2;21 for the Paleo-Indians 16,000 to 40,000 years ago; Gm1;21, Gm1,2;21, and Gm1;11,13 for the second wave of Na-Dene hunters 12,000 to 14,000 years ago; and Gm1;21 and Gm1;11,13 for the Eskimo-Aleut migration 9,000 years ago. The Pimans, Puebloans, and the Pai are descendents of the Paleo-Indians while the Apache and Navajo are the contemporary populations related to the Na-Dene. Finally, the Gm distribution in Amerindians is found to be consistent with a hypothesis of one migration of Paleo-Indians to South American, while the most likely homeland for the three ancestral populations is found to be in northeastern Asia.

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“…The two (Yupik-speaking) St. Lawrence Island Eskimo communities cluster closer together than do the Inupik-speaking communities of Wales and King Island, Alaska, from which they are genetically distinct. Overall, the St. Lawrence Island Eskimos show the greatest genetic affinity to the Asian Eskimos, and, as expected, based on language affiliation, geography, and ethnohistory of the circumarctic region, they cluster with the circumpolar group that includes Eskimos, Aleuts, and Chukchi, who differ genetically from other Native American and Siberian populations (Crawford et al 1981;Ferrell et al 1981).…”

Section: The Yupik Eskimos Of St Lawrence Island: Communities Of Gammentioning

confidence: 83%

Anthropometric Variation Among Bering Sea Natives

Justice

Rubicz²,

Chittoor³

et al. 2010

Human Biology

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Recent research indicates that anthropometrics can be used to study microevolutionary forces acting on humans. We examine the use of morphological traits in reconstructing the population history of Aleuts and Eskimos of the Bering Sea. From 1979 to 1981, W. S. Laughlin measured a sample of St. Lawrence Island Eskimos and Pribilof Island Aleuts. These samples included adult participants from St. George and St. Paul in the Pribilof Islands and from Gambell and Savoonga on St. Lawrence Island. The Relethford-Blangero method was used to examine the phylogenetic relationship between Aleuts and Eskimos. Anthropometric measurements for Native North Americans (measured by Boas and a team of trained anthropometrists in 1890-1904) and Native Mesoamericans (compiled from the literature for 1898-1952) were used for comparison. A principal components analysis of means for measurements and a neighbor-joining tree were constructed using Euclidean distances. All these tests revealed the same strong relationship among the focus populations. The R matrix from the Relethford-Blangero method clusters Aleuts and Eskimos separately and accounts for 97.3% of the variation in the data. Phenotypic variation within the population is minimal and therefore minimum F(ST) values are low. Genetic distances were compared to a Euclidean distance matrix of anthropometric measurements using a Mantel test and gave a high but not significant correlation. Our results provide evidence of a close phylogenetic relationship between Aleut and Eskimo populations in the Bering Sea. However, it is apparent that history has affected the relationship among the populations. Despite previous findings of higher European admixture in Gambell (based on blood group markers) than in Savoonga, Savoonga has greater within-group variation in anthropometric measurements. Anthropometrics reveal a close relationship between Gambell and St. Paul as a result of European admixture. The St. George population was the most divergent of the populations, indicating that it diverged from the Eskimos and St. Paul because of the compounding effects of genetic drift and limited European gene flow. These findings are in agreement with previous anthropometric and genetic studies of the Aleut and Eskimo populations and support the utility of anthropometrics in inferring population history and structure.

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The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: Genetic variation and genetic distance

Cited by 31 publications

References 16 publications

Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World

Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World

GM allotypes in Native Americans: Evidence for three distinct migrations across the Bering land bridge

Anthropometric Variation Among Bering Sea Natives

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