The Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of a New-World Primate Model of Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization and Comparison with the Macaque

Criswell, Mark H.; Ciulla, Thomas A.; Hill, Tiffany E.; Small, Ward; Danis, Ronald P.; Snyder, Wendy; Lowseth, Lisa A.; Carson, Dennis

doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0718

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…It has also been used, in conjunction with a surgically induced rabbit model of CNV to evaluate an integrin inhibitor to treat CNV (Zhan et al 2009). Criswell and co-workers created CNV in new-world squirrel monkeys and compared them with CNV created in old-world cynomolgus Macaca speciosa monkeys (Criswell et al 2004). With their optimized laser parameters for the squirrel monkeys (532nm, 0.05s, 75μm, 650mW), they elicited fibrovascular tissue (CNV) in 65% of squirrel monkey laser spot sites compared with 37% of cynomolgus laser spot sites (Figure 2).…”

Section: Animal Models Of Choroidal Neovascularizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization

Grossniklaus

Kang

Berglin

2010

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

294

230

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There have been numerous types of animal models of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal neovascularization (RNV). Understanding the pathobiology of CNV and RNV is important when evaluating and utilizing these models. Both CNV and RNV are dynamic processes. A break or defect in Bruchs' membrane is necessary for CNV to develop. This may be induced with a laser, mechanically via surgery, or in the setting of transgenic mice. Some of the transgenic mouse models spontaneously develop RNV and/or retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP)-like lesions. The pathogenesis of RNV is well-known and is generally related to ischemic retinopathy. Models of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) closely resemble retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The streptozotocin (STZ) rat model develops features similar to diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes general categories and specific examples of animal models of CNV and RNV. There are no perfect models of CNV or RNV and individual investigators are encouraged to choose the model that best suits their needs.

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Section: Animal Models Of Choroidal Neovascularizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Histologic examination of enucleate eyes shows CNV between the retina and a reflected layer of RPE (A), extension of the CNV into the retina (B), and numerous vascular channels within the CNV which also contains pigmented macrophages (C and D). (From Criswell et al, 2004)…”

Section: Figures and Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization

Grossniklaus

Kang

Berglin

2010

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

294

230

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“…[92][93][94] More recently, the technique has been modified for use in the squirrel monkey. 16 Using an argon laser, Ryan established the method currently in use today: to induce small spots of photocoagulation in a reproducible grid pattern in the temporal retina. The capillary-free zone of the fovea is avoided.…”

Section: Laser Injury In Nonhuman Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental agents are typically given at approximately 1 month after injury, before vessels begin to resolve. 16,17 Spontaneous neovascular involution (indicated by decreased fluorescein leakage) commences at approximately 3 to 7 weeks and then gradually progresses (over a period of approximately 2 to 13 months) until leakage is no longer apparent at the site. 77,94 The extent of new vessel growth compared to poorly vascularized scarring can be variable in all models (Figs.…”

Section: Laser Injury In Nonhuman Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

REVIEW PAPER: Animals as Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Zeiss

2010

Vet Pathol

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative condition that begins in Bruch's membrane and progresses to involve the retinal pigment epithelium and ultimately the overlying photoreceptors. The only required etiologic factor is age, and AMD is regarded as the leading cause of blindness in individuals older than 65 years. AMD results from variable contributions of age, environment, and genetic predisposition. Many loci are linked to AMD; in the majority of cases, the disease is associated with polymorphisms within these genes, rather than mutations that ablate gene function. The etiologic complexity of AMD is reflected by the paucity of animal models that entirely replicate the human disease. This review compares the salient anatomy of the primate and rodent retina, particularly in the light of AMD pathology. It next discusses prevailing hypotheses explaining how AMD may develop. These include the role of complement activation and macrophage chemotaxis in AMD, molecular mechanisms of choroidal neovascularization, and the roles of oxidative damage and lipid metabolism. Finally, the article gives an overview of spontaneous and induced nonhuman primate models and describes relevant mouse models in the context of each pathogenetic mechanism. KeywordsBruch's membrane, choriocapillaris, complement, degeneration, macula, retinal pigment epithelium Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive condition of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), its supporting basement membrane, and the overlying photoreceptor layer. It affects the macula, the central area of the retina responsible for high-acuity daylight vision. Among individuals older than 65 years, AMD is regarded as the leading cause of blindness in the industrialized world. 39AMD has no single cause and results from variable contributions of age, genetic predisposition, and environment. Established epidemiologic risk factors include cigarette smoking, diet, female sex, Caucasian race, and a family history of AMD.52,60,61 Because AMD is rare in individuals younger than 55 years, the only required risk factor is age, which implicates the multitude of cellular changes that accompany normal aging in the pathogenesis of AMD. The challenge is to identify how these are altered to tip the process toward overt disease.With age, most people accumulate small, well-demarcated deposits of extracellular material beneath the RPE. 5,45 These are known as small, hard drusen and are not pathogenic. However, if these deposits enlarge, they become associated with regional RPE loss and eventual degeneration of overlying photoreceptors. These changes are funduscopically visible, and their progression is used to classify lesions along the continuum of early to late dry AMD. 18 The pathogenetic mechanisms of this process center on inflammation, oxidative damage, and RPE senescence 45 and are predominantly modeled in the mouse.In the minority of cases, late AMD is accompanied by growth of blood vessels from the choroid through Bruch's membrane toward the retina. ...

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“…FVTs may remain subretinal in their development, or they can directly infiltrate the retinal layers with intermittent neovessels that continue beyond the central FVT mass and into the proximal retina. 39 These new vessels include the anastomoses examined in this investigation. Similarly, clinical detection of anastomoses can denote the physical adherence of the subretinal neovascular membrane to the neural retina and thus may contradict surgical intervention for the removal of the membrane.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anastomotic Vessels Remain Viable after Photodynamic Therapy in Primate Models of Choroidal Neovascularization

Criswell

Ciulla

Lowseth

et al. 2005

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Although PDT is effective in closing the choroidal neovascularization in FVT, this technique was ineffective in occluding anastomotic vessels and their associated tributaries within the mid- to proximal retina. Various factors (vascular diameter, composition, blood flow, orientation) may contribute to continued anastomotic patency. By convention, such vessels would typically be defined as chorioretinal anastomoses (CRAs); however, continuing studies suggest the possibility that these neovessels constitute dual-origin hybrids. Regardless of origin, viable anastomoses provide one potential mechanism for revascularization to occur after PDT and may help to explain why CRAs are considered a poor prognostic sign in patients with AMD.

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The Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of a New-World Primate Model of Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization and Comparison with the Macaque

Cited by 13 publications

References 56 publications

Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization

Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization

REVIEW PAPER: Animals as Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Anastomotic Vessels Remain Viable after Photodynamic Therapy in Primate Models of Choroidal Neovascularization

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