The Sport Training Process of Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review was to identify the main factors affecting the training process of para-athletes, as well as the barriers they encounter. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA declaration guidelines, in which six databases were analysed (Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, Pubmed, Eric, and PsycInfo). A total of 19 articles were selected for analysis after applying the inclusion criteria. The results show that the figures of the coach and families in the sporting and social contexts, respectively, had a relevant influence on the training process of para-athletes. Furthermore, in terms of psychological aspects, stress reduction, the importance of self-esteem, and motivation were highlighted. On the other hand, there are some barriers hindering the training and performance of athletes, which are related to the lack of financial support, lack of visibility in the media, and dependence on other people. These considerations can be of great help to coaches and competent institutions in the field (Paralympic committees, federations, etc.) in order to improve the training process and performance of para-athletes and to eliminate the barriers encountered by this group, promoting policies which facilitate access to sports for people with disabilities.

Training Wheelchair Tennis Players: A Strength and Conditioning Approach

“…Therefore, proper prematch and postmatch routines are essential to decrease the possibility of overuse injuries. In addition, injuries to the shoulder or wrist can have increased negative psychological consequences as it can cause negative stress in everyday life routines (9).…”

“…In addition, a unique stroke commonly referred to as the inverted backhand is a technique that is inherently different from nondisabled tennis (17). This technique requires strength, which should be focused on the musculature of the upper back region (9). Therefore, at our training center, we recommend incorporating more "pull" than "push" movements for wheelchair tennis player programs, incorporating a 1:3-1:2 ratio of anterior versus posterior upper-body exercises for wheelchair tennis players.…”