“…Similarly, while most moss sporophytes contain a special opening structure (the annulus) enabling controlled dehiscence and regulated release of spores, most liverwort and all hornwort sporophytes open along two or more preformed slits ( Crandall-Stotler and Stotler, 2008 ; Renzaglia et al., 2009 ). Additionally, while moss, liverwort and hornwort sporophytes are all nurtured by the gametophyte, nutrient transfer cells occur only in the gametophyte of hornworts while they are present in both the gametophyte and sporophyte tissues of several mosses and liverworts ( Alfayate et al., 2000 ; Buck and Goffinet, 2000 ; Carafa et al., 2003 ; Crandall-Stotler and Stotler, 2008 ; Villarreal and Renzaglia, 2015 ). Finally, unlike mosses and liverworts, hornworts lack both water- and nutrient-conducting cells ( Ligrone et al., 2000 ), with the evolutionary, physiological, and developmental aspects of this still not understood.…”