The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism

Redding, Sean

doi:10.1515/9783110887709

Cited by 1,259 publications

(745 citation statements)

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“…The Chinese societies are described as high in particularistic trust, such as among family members, but low in general trust in larger collectivities (Fukuyama, 1995;Gudykunst et al, 1996;Redding, 1993). To the extent that guanxi building represents efforts by individuals to deal with an environment lacking general trust, interpersonal trust is essential in building a quality guanxi.…”

Section: An Integrated Conception Of Guanximentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Intricacies of the Chinese Guanxi: A Process Model of Guanxi Development

Chen

2004

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

839

759

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Abstract. Guanxi (personal connection) has been identified as a necessary condition to do business successfully in China. In this paper, we seek a clear conceptual understanding of this prevalent construct and propose a three-stage model of guanxi development so as to stimulate systematic research in this area. Our conceptual and theoretical discussion of guanxi bases, guanxi objectives, and the operating principles at different stages of guanxi development will also help practitioners to use guanxi more effectively. Keywords: Chinese guanxi developmentRecent years have witnessed the familiarity and acceptance by Western management scholars and practitioners of the Chinese term guanxi as it appears frequently in English popular and academic writings without further literal translations. Indeed, while it has long been theorized and studied by scholars of Chinese origin who were dedicated to indigenous Chinese social sciences (see Yang, 2001a and 2001b for a review in Chinese), guanxi has recently gained its status as a legitimate socio-cultural construct in Western mainstream literatures of cultural anthropology, sociology, social psychology, political science, and business and management (Farh et al., 1998;Hwang, 1987;Jacobs, 1982;King, 1991;Nee, 1992;Tsui and Farh, 1997;Tsang, 1998;Xin and Pearce, 1996;Yang, 1994).The concept of guanxi is enormously rich, complex, and dynamic (Yang, 2001a(Yang, , 2001bYang, 1994). In English as well as in Chinese, guanxi conjures up different meanings and images, a brief review of which will appear later. The growing acceptance and popularity of guanxi in the West made it all the more important to understand the construct in its conceptual specificity and entirety. In this paper, we seek a clear conceptual understanding of this prevalent social and cultural phenomenon in China and propose a process model of guanxi initiation, guanxi building and guanxi use so as to stimulate systematic research in this area. In the sections that follow, we will (1) provide an overview of different perspectives on guanxi, (2) propose a process model of guanxi development, and (3) discuss the implications of this model on research and practice. Our conceptual and theoretical discussion of guanxi will also help practitioners to use guanxi more effectively.

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Section: An Integrated Conception Of Guanximentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Intricacies of the Chinese Guanxi: A Process Model of Guanxi Development

Chen

2004

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

839

759

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“…(Yang, 1994;Redding, 1990). Chinese society has historically not been composed of individuals, but of families.…”

Section: Culturally Grounded Differences Between Blat and Guanximentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Chinese society, in contrast to Russia, authority resided in state patrimonialism. Dependence was based on the fostering of personalized relationships for obtaining favors from the mandarinate (Redding, 1990). The combination of a minimally integrated society and a personalized power structure created the necessity for developing and maintaining guanxi, which became an increasingly sophisticated art and one of the main dynamics in Chinese society throughout its history.…”

Section: Culturally Grounded Differences Between Blat and Guanximentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal Networking in Russia and China:

Michailova

Worm

2003

European Management Journal

345

242

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Blat and guanxi are terms describing personal networks in Russia and China respectively.They have existed and been practiced for centuries and remain highly relevant today. By employing a social network perspective, we analyze the architecture of blat and guanxi and some of the similarities between them. We also argue that personal networks in Russia and China are products of specific cultural heritages and as such have their own particular configurations and characteristics. Following a dynamic perspective, we examine how blat and guanxi have evolved over time: while they were similar in a number of dimensions during the command economy period, there are interesting signs of increasing differentiation in the post-command decade. The paper outlines important insights for Western managers and expatriates in terms of surviving in and effectively using blat and guanxi.

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“…Many assume that in a more chaotic era, more than ever, managing a successful business requires taking higher risks, applying more creative thinking, and responding more quickly to everyday crises. Some management writers increasingly recognize the need to appreciate culturally-bound phenomena through more of an indigenous mindset (Bhagat, McDevitt, and McDevitt 2010;Chen and Godkin 2001;Chen 2002;Chen, Chen, and Xin 2004;Lee and Ellis 2000;Leung 2006;Redding 1993;Tung 1994;Wah 2001;Yeung and Tung 1996;Tsui 2004). Li (2012) outlines indigenous research as polyvalent and argues for a 'geocentric' approach integrating Western and Eastern approaches.…”

Section: Western Ethnocentrism In Asian Business Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambicultural blending between Eastern and Western paradigms: Fresh perspectives for international management research

Lowe

Kainzbauer

Tapachai

et al. 2014

Culture and Organization

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East and Southeast Asian worldviews are distinctly different from those of the West. Westerners and Asians construct their environment differently not least because they construct the notion of 'self' very differently. This paper describes and exemplifies distinctions in cognitive and linguistic styles between East and West and outlines the implications of these styles for environmental perspectives and research paradigms. Examples from Thailand illustrate the philosophical roots and practical implications of an indigenous Eastern perspective for local business interactions. We explore out the privilege afforded in Western, Cartesian paradigms in (Asian) management research and stimulate debate on the benefits of promoting alternative Asian indigenous perspectives for both management research and management practice. We support the idea that Asian management discourse needs more self-confidence and deserves a more prominent place in international research, not least because international management research will greatly benefit from freshly 'blended' perspectives that incorporate Eastern and Western perspectives.

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The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism

Cited by 1,259 publications

References 0 publications

On the Intricacies of the Chinese Guanxi: A Process Model of Guanxi Development

On the Intricacies of the Chinese Guanxi: A Process Model of Guanxi Development

Personal Networking in Russia and China:

Ambicultural blending between Eastern and Western paradigms: Fresh perspectives for international management research

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