The Spinal Nerves

Kayalıoğlu, Gülgün

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374247-6.50008-0

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…We also found that DREZ was always presented as a clear demarcation line, while VREZ forms an irregular area (Fig. 1A, 4) related with variations in ventral roots branches that could contribute to the narrowing of the ventral column width, which was also mentioned in previous studies (26). The most extensive spinal cord linear growth up to adulthood was previously found at the thoracic segments (27) and could explain observed in our study bell-type distribution of segments/DREZ length with the longest DREZ length at the thoracic segments (Fig.…”

Section: Variation In Spinal Cord Gross Anatomysupporting

confidence: 86%

Segment-Specific Orientation of the Dorsal and Ventral Roots for Precise Therapeutic Targeting of Human Spinal Cord

Mendez

Islam

Latypov

et al. 2021

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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Section: Variation In Spinal Cord Gross Anatomysupporting

confidence: 86%

Segment-Specific Orientation of the Dorsal and Ventral Roots for Precise Therapeutic Targeting of Human Spinal Cord

Mendez

Islam

Latypov

et al. 2021

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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“…1a). Lumbosacral root fibers have substantial curvatures at spinal cord and spinal canal entry and exit and are otherwise comparatively straight (16). Largest Ia afferent fibers within the posterior roots have a diameter of 20 μm (17,18).…”

Section: Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the Human Lumbar Posterior Columns Be Stimulated by Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation? A Modeling Study

Danner¹,

et al. 2011

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Stimulation of different spinal cord segments in humans is a widely developed clinical practice for modification of pain, altered sensation and movement. The human lumbar cord has become a target for modification of motor control by epidural and more recently by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. Posterior columns of the lumbar spinal cord represent a vertical system of axons and when activated can add other inputs to the motor control of the spinal cord than stimulated posterior roots. We used a detailed three-dimensional volume conductor model of the torso and the McIntyre-Richard-Grill axon model to calculate the thresholds of axons within the posterior columns in response to transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord stimulation. Superficially located large diameter posterior column fibers with multiple collaterals have a threshold of 45.4 V, three times higher than posterior root fibers (14.1 V). With the stimulation strength needed to activate posterior column axons, posterior root fibers of large and small diameters as well as anterior root fibers are co-activated. The reported results inform on these threshold differences, when stimulation is applied to the posterior structures of the lumbar cord at intensities above the threshold of large-diameter posterior root fibers.

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“…Two rectangular 8.5 × 6 cm inter-connected anode electrodes (Guangzhou Jetta Electronic Medical Device Manufacturing Co., Ltd., China) were placed bilaterally over the acromioclavicular joints ( Barss et al, 2020 ; McGeady et al, 2022a ; McGeady et al, 2022b ). The cervical spinal nerves at the C4-C6 intervertebral space were selected for stimulation due to their role in providing motor control and sensation to the UE muscles based on their branching spinal levels ( Kayalioglu, 2009 ). Specifically, the cervical spinal nerves at C4-C5 control proximal UE muscles, while those at C5-C6 control distal UE muscles ( Di Lazzaro et al, 1992 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of non-invasive cervical spinal cord neuromodulation by trans-spinal electrical stimulation on cortico-muscular descending patterns in upper extremity of chronic stroke

Zhang,

Wang,

Alam

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Background: Trans-spinal electrical stimulation (tsES) to the intact spinal cord poststroke may modulate the cortico-muscular control in stroke survivors with diverse lesions in the brain. This work aimed to investigate the immediate effects of tsES on the cortico-muscular descending patterns during voluntary upper extremity (UE) muscle contractions by analyzing cortico-muscular coherence (CMCoh) and electromyography (EMG) in people with chronic stroke.Methods: Twelve chronic stroke participants were recruited to perform wrist-hand extension and flexion tasks at submaximal levels of voluntary contraction for the corresponding agonist flexors and extensors. During the tasks, the tsES was delivered to the cervical spinal cord with rectangular biphasic pulses. Electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected from the sensorimotor cortex, and the EMG data were recorded from both distal and proximal UE muscles. The CMCoh, laterality index (LI) of the peak CMCoh, and EMG activation level parameters under both non-tsES and tsES conditions were compared to evaluate the immediate effects of tsES on the cortico-muscular descending pathway.Results: The CMCoh and LI of peak CMCoh in the agonist distal muscles showed significant increases (p < 0.05) during the wrist-hand extension and flexion tasks with the application of tsES. The EMG activation levels of the antagonist distal muscle during wrist-hand extension were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with tsES. Additionally, the proximal UE muscles exhibited significant decreases (p < 0.05) in peak CMCoh and EMG activation levels by applying tsES. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in LI of peak CMCoh of proximal UE muscles during tsES.Conclusion: The cervical spinal cord neuromodulation via tsES enhanced the residual descending excitatory control, activated the local inhibitory circuits within the spinal cord, and reduced the cortical and proximal muscular compensatory effects. These results suggested the potential of tsES as a supplementary input for improving UE motor functions in stroke rehabilitation.

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The Spinal Nerves

Cited by 15 publications

References 151 publications

Segment-Specific Orientation of the Dorsal and Ventral Roots for Precise Therapeutic Targeting of Human Spinal Cord

Segment-Specific Orientation of the Dorsal and Ventral Roots for Precise Therapeutic Targeting of Human Spinal Cord

Can the Human Lumbar Posterior Columns Be Stimulated by Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation? A Modeling Study

Effects of non-invasive cervical spinal cord neuromodulation by trans-spinal electrical stimulation on cortico-muscular descending patterns in upper extremity of chronic stroke

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