The Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) version III: Reliability and validity in a multi-center international study

Itzkovich, Malka; Gelernter, Ilana; Biering‐Sørensen, Fin; Weeks, Claire A; Laramée, Marie-Thérèse; Craven, B. Catharine; Tonack, Mark; Hitzig, Sander L.; Glaser, E. M.; Zeilig, Gabi; Aito, S; Scivoletto, Giorgio; Mecci, M; Chadwick, Raymond; Masry, W S El; Osman, Aheed; Glass, Clive; Silva, P.; Soni, B M; Gardner, Brett O.; Savić, Gordana; Bergström, Ebba; Bluvshtein, Vadim; Ronen, Jacob; Catz, Amiram

doi:10.1080/09638280601046302

Cited by 390 publications

(322 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The SCIM focuses on the ability to perform basic everyday tasks and takes into consideration the economic burden of disability as well as the impact of disability on overall medical condition and comfort [30]. The self-care subscale consists of six items which address ability to feed (score 0 to 3), bathe upper body (scored 1 to 3), bathe lower body (scored 1 to 3), dress upper body (scored 1 to 4), dress lower body (scored 1 to 4) and groom (scored 0 to 3).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early intensive hand rehabilitation after spinal cord injury ("Hands On"): a protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Harvey

Dunlop

Чурилов

et al. 2011

Trials

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BackgroundLoss of hand function is one of the most devastating consequences of spinal cord injury. Intensive hand training provided on an instrumented exercise workstation in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation may enhance neural recovery and hand function. The aim of this trial is to compare usual care with an 8-week program of intensive hand training and functional electrical stimulation.Methods/designA multicentre randomised controlled trial will be undertaken. Seventy-eight participants with recent tetraplegia (C2 to T1 motor complete or incomplete) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation will be recruited from seven spinal cord injury units in Australia and New Zealand and will be randomised to a control or experimental group. Control participants will receive usual care. Experimental participants will receive usual care and an 8-week program of intensive unilateral hand training using an instrumented exercise workstation and functional electrical stimulation. Participants will drive the functional electrical stimulation of their target hands via a behind-the-ear bluetooth device, which is sensitive to tooth clicks. The bluetooth device will enable the use of various manipulanda to practice functional activities embedded within computer-based games and activities. Training will be provided for one hour, 5 days per week, during the 8-week intervention period. The primary outcome is the Action Research Arm Test. Secondary outcomes include measurements of strength, sensation, function, quality of life and cost effectiveness. All outcomes will be taken at baseline, 8 weeks, 6 months and 12 months by assessors blinded to group allocation. Recruitment commenced in December 2009.DiscussionThe results of this trial will determine the effectiveness of an 8-week program of intensive hand training with functional electrical stimulation.Trial registrationNCT01086930 (12th March 2010)ACTRN12609000695202 (12th August 2009)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early intensive hand rehabilitation after spinal cord injury ("Hands On"): a protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Harvey

Dunlop

Чурилов

et al. 2011

Trials

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“…1 Clinicians also recognize the need for functional measures that are sensitive to clinically meaningful change and assess functional abilities that are important and relevant to persons with SCI. 2 Three types of measures are currently used to assess the functioning of persons with SCI: (1) generic measures applied to individuals with SCI such as functional independence measure (FIMFa trademark of Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation, a division of UB Foundation Activities, Inc.); (2) measures developed specifically for individuals with SCI, such as the spinal cord independence measure (SCIM III), 3 and (3) measures developed for specific subsets of the SCI population, such as the quadriplegic index of function (QIF) 4 for individuals with tetraplegia and the walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI II) 5 for persons with incomplete lesions. Limitations associated with these functional activity measures may include a lack of precision and sensitivity, inadequate range of items, and limited applicability for all persons with SCI.…”

Section: Recommendations From the International Campaign For Cures Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a contemporary functional outcome measure for spinal cord injury research

et al. 2009

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Study design: This study used qualitative analysis of focus group discussions. Objective: The primary objective was to select functional activities to include in an item pool, which is the first step in developing a spinal cord injury computer adaptive test (SCI-CAT). Setting: This multisite study was conducted at six US National Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems Programs. Methods: Focus group discussions, which included persons with tetraplegia and paraplegia and clinicians, were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Functional activities were identified, binned, winnowed, written as functional items, and cognitively tested. Results: Focus group discussion analysis identified 326 functional activity items that fit into categories outlined in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework: Mobility (193 items), including assessment of functioning in a manual (44 items) and power wheelchair (19 items); self-care (109 items); and communication (19 items). Items related to sexual function were also identified (5 items). Conclusion: The SCI-CAT item pool includes items that assess functional activities important to persons with SCI. Items cover a wide range of functional ability and reflect most ICF categories. The SCI-CAT pool is currently being field tested to develop a calibrated item bank. Further development will yield a CAT of functional activities appropriate for SCI research.

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“…The SIP68 has also been evaluated with SCI patients in two studies with relatively large sample sizes. 45,46 Instruments that were designed specifically to assess the function or mobility of SCI patients are: the Quadriplegia Index of Function (QIF) 31,30 and Short-form QIF; 32 the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) 33 and Catz-Itzkovich revised SCIM; 35 the Walking Index for Spinal cord injury (WISCI); 36 the Needs Assessment Checklist (NAC), 40 and the Spinal Cord Injury Functional Ambulation Inventory (SCI-FAI). 43 Item generation.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter subscale also contained some items with disordered category thresholds for example bowel management. 3,35 Factor analysis on the SIP68 represented data from a heterogeneous (mainly non-SCI) population and was therefore considered largely inappropriate, and no evidence of construct validity (note that absence of evidence is not synonymous with evidence of absence) was found for the BI, the QIF (or short-form QIF), the SCIM (early version), the WISCI, the NAC, or the SCI-FAI.…”

Section: Measurement Properties Of Instruments Within the Sci Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

A structured review of outcome measures used for the assessment of rehabilitation interventions for spinal cord injury

2008

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Objectives: To review the measurement properties of outcome measures of function or mobility currently used in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: A keyword search of multiple databases to identify original papers. Papers were reviewed where they had included an evaluation, of people with SCI, of the psychometric properties of an outcome measure, which included functional or mobility domains. Information was extracted concerning item generation, ease and intended method of use and scale properties, in particular: reliability, validity and responsiveness. Conclusions were reached concerning the psychometric properties of each instrument. Results: Eight outcome measures were identified (plus adapted versions). Five had originally been developed specifically for evaluating patients with SCI (chiefly reflecting clinicians' perspectives), the remaining three had not. The psychometric properties of the instruments varied, with some mixed/ contradictory evidence likely relating to differing study sample sizes, characteristics and variable quality. Instruments also varied in stated purpose or emphasis. Conclusion: In addition to weighing evidence concerning measurement properties, users need to consider the stated purpose and item content of instruments in relation to their specific aims. With regard to the former, while reviewed instruments had some flaws, the Spinal cord Independence Measure (revised version III), Quadriplegia Index of Function (Short-form), Needs Assessment Checklist and SIP68 appeared the best, despite limited evidence of their responsiveness.

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The Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) version III: Reliability and validity in a multi-center international study

Cited by 390 publications

References 9 publications

Early intensive hand rehabilitation after spinal cord injury ("Hands On"): a protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Early intensive hand rehabilitation after spinal cord injury ("Hands On"): a protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Developing a contemporary functional outcome measure for spinal cord injury research

A structured review of outcome measures used for the assessment of rehabilitation interventions for spinal cord injury

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