The spider (Aranei) fauna of the Urals: diversity, structure, typification

Abstract

Резюме. В фауне Урала насчитывается 485 видов, относящихся к 202 родам из 23 семейств. В сравнении с прилежащими равнинными территориями и близлежащими горными странами фауна пауков Урала значительно беднее. Видовое разнообразие высокогорных локальных фаун пауков Урала с севера на юг изменяется незначительно; низкогорные фауны Среднего Урала характеризуются высоким разнообразием, идентичным таковому равнинных фаун Приуралья. На Урале представлено два типа фаун: гипоарктические олиготаксонные линифиидные Полярного Урала и бореальные политаксонные линифиидные. Региональные фауны различаются по набору наиболее богатых видами родов. Основу фауны пауков Урала слагают широкоареальные виды с палеарктическими, голарктическими и евросибирскими ареалами, температным, бореальным и полизональным распределением. Эндемизм фауны пауков Урала выражен крайне слабо. Реликтовые виды в фауне Урала немногочисленны. Важнейшими факторами, оказывающими влияние на состав и разнообразие фаун, являются высота гор, климатический широтный градиент и история миграционных потоков. Abstract. e spider fauna of the Urals accounted 485 species belonging to 202 genera and 23 families. e spider fauna of the Urals is much less diverse in comparison with faunas of the adjacent plains and surrounding mountains. e species diversity of the Urals high-mountain local spiders fauna fluctuates insignificantly from North to South. e spider faunas of the low-mountain Middle Ural are characterized by high species diversity, which is identical to that detected in the Cisuralian plains. Two types of faunas are recognized in the Urals: 1) Hypoarctic (= Subarctic) oligotaxon linyphiid fauna predominantly distributed on the Polar Ural and 2) Boreal polytaxon linyphiid fauna prevailing in all others regions. e regional faunas are differs by a composition of the most diverse genera. e basis of the Urals spider fauna is composed by species with wide ranges: Palaearctic, Holarctic and Euro-Siberian, as well as with Temperate, Boreal and polyzonal distribution. e degree of endemism of Urals spiders fauna is very low, with only a few relict species discovered. e major factors controlling the structure and diversity of the Urals faunas are the altitude of mountains, climatic latitudinal gradient and historical ground (migratory flows).

Spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of the High Arctic Shokalsky Island (73°N), the Kara Sea, Russia

“…Сокращения. p/t -почвенные ловушки, s/s -почвенные пробы, sift -сифтование мха и подстилки, h/c -ручные сборы, sw -кошение энтомологическим сачком, «-» -нет данных, другие сокращения как в Таблице 1. ranges southward [Marusik, Eskov, 2009;Esyunin, 2015].…”

Spiders (Aranei) of the typical tundra subzone of the Yugorsky Peninsula, Russia

“…Besides, one more type, hypoarctic, was added to the range of latitudinal types of distribution. This term was used by some arachnologists (see Marusik & Eskov [2009]; Esyunin [2015], etc.) but previously we avoided to use it because we did not see a need for its usage within the framework of old scheme of typification.…”

“…Anthropogenic and anthropogenically changed natural communities have long become an integral part of Arctic territories. Similarly to river valleys, these biotopes are also often a kind of "suppliers" of both southern elements to the tundra zone (especially to its northern part) and artic element to more south landscapes, for example to forest-tundra [Tanasevitch, Koponen, 2007;Tanasevitch, Rybalov, 2010, 2015.…”

Latitudinal composition and spatial distribution of spiders (Aranei) in the vicinity of detached woodland (the Ary-Mas area, Taimyr)

“…To separate species into latitudinal fractions (especially for distinguishing hemiarctic species belonging to the Arctic fraction, and species from the Hypoarctic fraction), the following references were used: Eskov [1986], Marusik et al [1992, 2013, Marusik [2005], Esyunin [1999Esyunin [ , 2015 (Kulczyński, 1907) have been attributed by some authors to hypoarctic species [Eskov, 1986;Esyunin, 2015]. We included all of them into the Arctic fraction, since they have the greatest activity in the tundra and sharply reduce it already in forest-tundra landscapes.…”