The Sphincter of Oddi is a Boundary for Bacterial Colonisation in the Feline Biliary Tract

Sung, J. Y.; Olson, M. E.; Leung, J. W. C.; Lundberg, M. S.; Costerton, J. W.

doi:10.3402/mehd.v3i4.7539

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The sphincter of Oddi separates the colonized duodenum for the sterile biliary tract and acts as a mechanical barrier to microbial colonization [18]. All our patients underwent sphincterectomy, which abolished this barrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tannenbaum and metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant distal bile duct obstruction: a comparative study of patency and cost effectiveness

Katsinelos¹,

Paikos

Kountouras

et al. 2006

Surg Endosc

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tannenbaum and metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant distal bile duct obstruction: a comparative study of patency and cost effectiveness

Katsinelos¹,

Paikos

Kountouras

et al. 2006

Surg Endosc

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“…8 In the cat, it has been shown that bacteria are not present in the biliary tract except occasionally at the sphincter of Oddi, which appears to act as a barrier to bacterial colonization. 7 The presence of bacteria within bile (bactibilia) is 1 of 2 predisposing factors in the development of biliary tract infections, the other being biliary obstruction resulting in increased biliary pressure. 9,10 Bactibilia alone does not cause clinical cholangitis, nor does obstruction in the absence of bactibilia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, immunosuppression from prednisone and azathioprine treatment may have been a contributing factor. Studies and reports in humans, cats, and dogs indicate bile is normally sterile,5,6,7 but some evidence suggests low numbers of organisms may be found transiently within the biliary system 8. In the cat, it has been shown that bacteria are not present in the biliary tract except occasionally at the sphincter of Oddi, which appears to act as a barrier to bacterial colonization 7.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallbladder aspirate from a dog

Neel

Tarigo

Grindem

2006

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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A 7-year-old, male, castrated, Labrador Retriever with a history of pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease presented for vomiting and anorexia. Serum biochemistry findings were indicative of cholestasis, hepatocellular insult, and decreased hepatic function. Ultrasound examination showed sediment and gas within the gallbladder, and a diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis was made. Emergency gallbladder resection was performed. Cytologic examination of bile fluid collected at surgery showed a mixed population of bacteria (bactibilia) together with fungal organisms consistent with Cyniclomyces guttulatus (previously known as Saccharomycopsis guttulatus). Similar fungal organisms were seen on a fecal smear. Bacteria cultured were normal gastrointestinal flora, supporting ascending infection; the fungal organisms were interpreted as incidental. Histopathology of the gallbladder indicated active (suppurative) and chronic (lymphocytic) cholecystitis and sections of liver tissue had evidence of chronic liver disease. A positive liver culture indicated concurrent bacterial hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis. Despite supportive care, the dog continued to decline and was euthanized 30 days later. Necropsy results confirmed end stage liver disease, but an initiating cause was not found. This case highlights the role of bactibilia in the development of acute cholecystitis and the unique cytologic appearance of C guttulatus as an incidental finding in bile fluid.

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“…Here, bacteria were frequently found in the common duct bile. Oddi's sphincter, which is a boundary of bacterial colonization between the duodenum and the bile ducts, plays an important role as a physical barrier against the invasion of bacteria from the duodenum (3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial invasion of the biliary system by way of the portal-venous system

et al. 1991

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It has been suggested that bacteria in the intestine gain access into the biliary tract by entering the portal-venous blood. We have tested the hypothesis of hematogenous infection of the biliary system in cats. The animals were treated in three different groups: group A (no biliary obstruction), group B (acute biliary obstruction) and group C (chronic biliary obstruction). A mutant strain of Escherichia coli was infused into the splenic vein of cats at three different dosages (10(7), 10(5) and 10(3) with sham controls. In the unobstructed biliary system, the mutant E. coli was isolated from the bile 30 min and 90 min after the infusion of 10(7) and 10(5) E. coli, respectively. No bacteria were found in the bile with the infusion of 10(3) E. coli and in the control animals. Bile flow was significantly reduced with the infusion of bacteria. The biliary excretion of E. coli in group B was similar to that in group A. In group C, the bile output in the first hour was very high but declined rapidly. E. coli was excreted into the bile at all three dosages of infusion after 30 min. Histological sections of the liver showed that the infused bacteria entered the sinusoidal blood and that some were phagocytosed by Kupffer cells. The portal-venous blood was considered an important route of bacterial invasion into the biliary system, and the penetration of bacteria was facilitated in biliary obstruction.

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The Sphincter of Oddi is a Boundary for Bacterial Colonisation in the Feline Biliary Tract

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Tannenbaum and metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant distal bile duct obstruction: a comparative study of patency and cost effectiveness

Tannenbaum and metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant distal bile duct obstruction: a comparative study of patency and cost effectiveness

Gallbladder aspirate from a dog

Bacterial invasion of the biliary system by way of the portal-venous system

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