The Speed of Invasion: Rates of Spread for Thirteen Exotic Forest Insects and Diseases

Evans, Alexander M.

doi:10.3390/f7050099

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…However, at much broader spatial scales of agricultural fields, travelling waves of infection emanate outward from primary BYDV infections (Comeau & Dubuc, 1977;Irwin & Thresh, 1990). Similar waves of insects and pathogens have spread across forests (Bjørnstad et al, 2002;Evans, 2016;Menkis et al, 2016). Travelling waves have also been detected for dengue, a mosquito-borne virus in humans (Cummings et al, 2004) and tick-borne diseases have been linked to transmission at multiple scales due to movement of both vectors and hosts (Foley et al, 2016;Walter et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector demography, dispersal and the spread of disease: Experimental epidemics under elevated resource supply

et al. 2020

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1. The spread of many diseases depends on the demography and dispersal of arthropod vectors. Classic epidemiological theory typically ignores vector dynamics and instead makes the simplifying assumption of frequency-dependent transmission. Yet, vector ecology may be critical for understanding the spread of disease over space and time and how disease dynamics respond to environmental change. 2. Here, we ask how environmental change shapes vector demography and dispersal, and how these traits of vectors govern the spatiotemporal spread of disease. 3. We developed disease models parameterised by traits of vectors and fit them to experimental epidemics. The experiment featured a viral pathogen (CYDV-RPV) vectored by aphids Rhopalosiphum padi among populations of grass hosts Avena sativa under two rates of environmental resource supply (i.e. fertilisation of the host). We compared a non-spatial model that ignores vector movement, a lagged dispersal model that emphasises the delay between vector reproduction and dispersal, and a travelling wave model that generates waves of infections across space and time. 4. Resource supply altered both vector demography and dispersal. The lagged dispersal model fit best, indicating that vectors first reproduced locally and then dispersed globally among hosts in the experiment. Elevated resources decreased vector population growth rates, nearly doubled their carrying capacity per host, increased dispersal rates when vectors carried the virus, and homogenised disease risk across space. 5. Together, the models and experiment show how environmental eutrophication can shape spatial disease dynamics-for example, homogenising disease risk across space-by altering the demography and behaviour of vectors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector demography, dispersal and the spread of disease: Experimental epidemics under elevated resource supply

et al. 2020

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“…Similar to impact on forest productivity, there is a lack of studies on the systematic estimation of area dispersal rates for the EU (and other) countries. There are studies on the spread, measured as distance in kilometer, that a pathogen can move during a certain period of time [31], but not on the rate of annual increases. We therefore assign a rate of spread based on the change in the share of the total infected area of the total forest area in the EU which increased from 0.0235 in 2000 to 0.0753 in 2005 [32].…”

Section: Forest Carbon Sink and Emissions From Fossil Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Carbon Sequestration, Pathogens and the Costs of the EU’s 2050 Climate Targets

Gren

Aklilu

Elofsson

2018

Forests

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Carbon sequestration is suggested as a low-cost option for climate change mitigation, the functioning of which can be threatened by pathogen infestation. This study calculates the effects of infectious pathogens on the cost of achieving the EU’s 2050 climate targets by combining the so-called production function method with the replacement cost method. Pathogens are then assumed to affect carbon sink enhancement through the impact on productivity of forest land, and carbon sequestration is valued as the replacement for costly reductions in emissions from fossil fuels for reaching the EU’s 2050 climate targets. To this end, we have constructed a numerical dynamic optimization model with a logistic forest growth function, a simple allometric representation of the spread of pathogens in forests, and reductions in emissions from fossil fuels. The results show that the annual value of forest carbon sequestration ranges between approximately 6.4 and 14.9 billion Euros, depending on the impact and dispersal of pathogens. Relatively large values are obtained for countries with large emissions from fossil fuels, e.g., Germany, France, Spain and Italy, which also face costs of pathogen together with countries with large forest area, such as Romania.

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“…Hatala et al, 2011;Leung and Kot, 2015;Evans, 2016), but also e.g. Hatala et al, 2011;Leung and Kot, 2015;Evans, 2016), but also e.g.…”

Section: Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is research available on the spread of C. ribicola (which is not part of this pest categorisation, see Section 1.2) (e.g. Hatala et al, 2011;Leung and Kot, 2015;Evans, 2016), but also e.g. on the factors affecting the spread of C. comptoniae in Minnesota, US (Smeltzer and French, 1981) and on the connectivity of the landscape in southern Mississippi with regard to C. quercuum (this connectivity has been shown to have increased over time; Perkins and Matlack, 2002).…”

Section: Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Cronartium spp. (non‐EU)

Bragard¹,

Serio²,

Gonthier³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Cronartium spp. (non-EU), a well-defined and distinguishable group of fungal pathogens of the family Cronartiaceae. There are at least 40 species described within the Cronartium genus, of which two are considered native to the EU (C. gentianeum and C. pini) and one has been introduced in the 19th century (C. ribicola) and is now widespread in the EUthese three species are thus not part of this pest categorisation. In addition, the non-EU C. harknessii, C. kurilense and C. sahoanum were already dealt with in a previous pest categorisation. All the non-EU Cronartium species are not known to be present in the EU and are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the EU is banned. Cronartium spp. are biotrophic obligate plant pathogens. Many of the North American Cronartium species alternate between the aecial host Pinus spp. and telial hosts of various dicotyledonous plants. C. conigenum, C. orientale, C. quercuum and C. strobilinum have different Quercus spp. as their telial hosts. C. orientale and C. quercuum also infect Castanea spp. and Castanopsis spp. The pathogens could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut flowers and branches. Non-EU Cronartium spp. could establish in the EU, as climatic conditions are favourable to many of them and Pinus and Quercus spp. are common. The pathogens would be able to spread following establishment by movement of host plants, as well as natural spread. Should non-EU Cronartium spp. be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected on pine, oak and chestnut woodlands, plantations, ornamental trees and nurseries. The Cronartium species present in North America cause important tree diseases. Symptoms on Pinus spp. differ between Cronartium spp., but include galls, cankers, dieback of branches and stems, deformity, tree and cone death. The main knowledge gap concerns the limited available information on (sub)tropical Cronartium spp. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of Cronartium spp. (non-EU) as potential quarantine pests are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met.

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The Speed of Invasion: Rates of Spread for Thirteen Exotic Forest Insects and Diseases

Cited by 23 publications

References 44 publications

Vector demography, dispersal and the spread of disease: Experimental epidemics under elevated resource supply

Vector demography, dispersal and the spread of disease: Experimental epidemics under elevated resource supply

Forest Carbon Sequestration, Pathogens and the Costs of the EU’s 2050 Climate Targets

Pest categorisation of Cronartium spp. (non‐EU)

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