The Speed of Ingestion of a Sugary Beverage Has an Effect on the Acute Metabolic Response to Fructose

Abstract

Background: The consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: We hypothesized that the metabolic effects of fructose in sugary beverages might be modulated by the speed of ingestion in addition to the overall amount. Design: Thirty healthy subjects free of any disease and medication were recruited into two groups. After overnight fasting, subjects in group 1 drank 500 mL of apple juice over an hour by drinking 125 mL every 15 min, while subjects in group 2 drank 500 mL of apple juice over 5 min. Blood samples were collected at time zero and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after ingestion to be analyzed for serum glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) score, fibroblast growth factor 21, copeptin, osmolarity, sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate, uric acid, and phosphate levels. Results: Serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, fibroblast growth factor 21, copeptin, osmolarity, sodium, BUN, and lactate levels increased following apple juice ingestion. The increases were greater in the fast-drinking group, which were more significant after 15 min and 30 min compared to baseline. The changes in uric acid were not statistically different between the groups. Phosphate levels significantly increased only in the fast-drinking group. Conclusion: Fast ingestion of 100% apple juice causes a significantly greater metabolic response, which may be associated with negative long-term outcomes. Our findings suggest that the rate of ingestion must be considered when evaluating the metabolic impacts of sweetened beverage consumption.

Current Hydration Habits: The Disregarded Factor for the Development of Renal and Cardiometabolic Diseases

“…Thus, mice lacking fructokinase show an impaired vasopressin response to dehydration [ 104 ]. Moreover, the oral ingestion of fructose in both laboratory animals [ 60 , 64 , 106 ] and humans [ 105 , 107 ] results in a rise in vasopressin (copeptin) levels in the blood. Thus, fructose metabolism is directly linked with the stimulation of the vasopressin system ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…In this regard, we have found that a high salt diet (or dehydration itself) can induce both fructose and vasopressin formation [ 64 , 104 , 107 ]. Moreover, high salt intake may lead to increases in serum osmolality, thereby inducing chronic underhydration, activating both the polyol-fructose and vasopressin pathways.…”

Close association between lifestyle and circulating FGF21 levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Overall, the cFGF21 concentration was significantly higher in individuals with different diets (SMD=1.03 pg/ml, 95%CI: 0.28-1.78, p=0.007) (Experimental) compared to their cFGF21 levels before indicated diet interventions (Control), largely contributed by the significant elevation of cFGF21 in individuals with a hypercaloric carbohydrate-rich diet ( 15 ) (p=0.01), hypercaloric fat-rich diet ( 16 – 18 ) (p=0.01), amino acid- or protein-restricted diets ( 19 – 23 ) (p=0.02) and fructose intake ( 24 , 25 ) (p<0.0001) ( Figure 3 ). While a quick and excessive drink of apple juice significantly increased the cFGF21 level, the overall effect of apple juice consumption on the cFGF21 level was insignificant ( 26 ) (p=0.06), due to a nonsignificant increase in cFGF21 after a slow drink of apple juice. Only consuming fish oil significantly downregulated the cFGF21 concentration ( 27 ) (p<0.00001) without affecting the overall effects of diets on the cFGF21 concentration (p=0.007).…”

Do thrifty genes exist? Revisiting uricase

“…Increases serum osmolarity by shifting fluid to intracellular compartment (in rats) [34] Stimulates vasopressin production via osmolar and nonosmolar pathways [35] Oral fructose increases serum vasopressin (copeptin) in humans [36] Stimulates foraging responses…”

“…The most compelling evidence of beneficial effects of the loss of uricase are related to the ability of fructose to aid survival (Table 2) [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. As mentioned, the main nutrient of ancestral apes was fruit, which is rich in fructose.…”