The Spectrum of Microbial Keratitis: An Updated Review

Abstract

Background: In microbial keratitis, infection of the cornea can threaten vision through permanent corneal scarring and even perforation resulting in the loss of the eye. A literature review was conducted by Karsten, Watson and Foster (2012) to determine the spectrum of microbial keratitis. Since this publication, there have been over 2600 articles published investigating the causative pathogens of microbial keratitis. Objective: To determine the current spectrum of possible pathogens implicated in microbial keratitis relative to the 2012 study. Methods: An exhaustive literature review was conducted of all the peer-reviewed articles reporting on microbial pathogens implicated in keratitis. Databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched utilising their entire year limits (1950-2019). Results: Six-hundred and eighty-eight species representing 271 genera from 145 families were implicated in microbial keratitis. Fungal pathogens, though less frequent than bacteria, demonstrated the greatest diversity with 393 species from 169 genera that were found to cause microbial keratitis. There were 254 species of bacteria from 82 genera, 27 species of amoeba from 11 genera, and 14 species of virus from 9 genera, which were also identified as pathogens of microbial keratitis. Conclusion: The spectrum of pathogens implicated in microbial keratitis is extremely diverse. Bacteria were most commonly encountered and in comparison, to the review published in 2012, further 456 pathogens have been identified as causative pathogens of microbial keratitis. Therefore, the current review provides an important update on the potential spectrum of microbes, to assist clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of microbial keratitis.

An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface

“…81 • Bacterial keratitis: The most common bacterial genera isolated from canine patients overlap with the ones recognized in human patients (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonoas). 83,153 In fact, the major culprit in canine bacterial keratitis (Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is now considered an emerging zoonosis in humans. 299…”

“…As such, there is an emerging appreciation for the translational advantage of studying spontaneous (and not experimental) ocular infections in dogs: Herpetic keratitis : Recent work has highlighted the robustness and reproducibility of the canine model to study ocular herpesvirus infections and disease, 81,82 showing striking similarities in the pathogenesis of canine herpesvirus‐1 and herpes simplex virus‐1, both members of the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily with a seroprevalence of 21–98% in dogs (CHV‐1) and 67–90% in humans (HSV‐1) 81 Bacterial keratitis : The most common bacterial genera isolated from canine patients overlap with the ones recognized in human patients ( Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , and Pseudomonoas ) 83,153 . In fact, the major culprit in canine bacterial keratitis ( Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ) is now considered an emerging zoonosis in humans 299 …”

An Eye on the Dog as the Scientist’s Best Friend for Translational Research in Ophthalmology: Focus on the Ocular Surface

“…253 • Bacterial keratitis: The most common bacterial genera isolated from canine patients overlap with the ones recognized in human patients (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonoas). 255,256 In fact, the major culprit in canine bacterial keratitis (Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) is now considered an emerging zoonosis in humans. 257…”

Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis: Incidence, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors and Novel Strategies for Treatment

“…Keratitis is a sight-threatening disease [ 1 ], with the majority of cases attributed to infective causes [ 2 ] such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa [ 3 ]. Within infectious keratitis, bacteria are the most common causative pathogens [ 3 ]; among these, Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most frequently identified causative organisms [ 4 ]. Resistant bacterial keratitis can severely impact quality of life due to the requirement for prolonged and more intensive treatment.…”