The spectrum of double outlet right ventricle induced by electrical shocks to the conotruncus of the embryonic chick implications of tissue dynamics.

Abstract

SUMMARYElectrical shock stimulation of the conotruncal area induced a spectrum of double outlet right ventricle (DORV) in embryonic chicks at developmental stages 24-27. The device used to apply electrical potentials to the heart was constructed using a 9 battery, a push-button switch, and a 100 ohm, ten-turn potentiometer with a calibrated dial. The potentiometer was connected as a voltage divider with the outlet connected to an electrode pair. This allowed for a short voltage pulse (variable 0 to 9) to be applied to a selected area of the heart through the electrodes. Two different methods were chosen to apply electrical shocks to the conotruncal area of the heart. One method utilized the application of an electrical shock between two points across the conotruncus of cardiac loop (horizontally oriented) and the second method between two points along the conotruncus of cardiac loop (vertically oriented).The range of voltages applied to the conotruncal area of the heart was from 2 to 4. Three distinct types of double outlet right ventricle were in the longitudinal (L) and horizontal (H) electrical shock groups: 1) DORV without a ventricular septal defect (VSD), which is associated with a prolapse of an aortic valve into the right venFrom the

Atsuyoshi Takao

“…20 In the late1970s, he instructed his fellows to study the effect of radiation and electric shock on cardiac development. 21,22 In the early 1980s, he told his fellows to study the effect of various drugs, such as a retinoic acid, bisdiamine, and nimustin. 23,24 They found that maternal administration of a retinoic acid caused heterotaxy syndrome and transposed great arteries in the mouse.…”

“…In the early 1970s, together with Shizen Ishikawa, he noted that the frequencies of ventricular septal defect and anomalies of the aortic arch were high in chick embryos after centrifugation 20 . In the late1970s, he instructed his fellows to study the effect of radiation and electric shock on cardiac development 21 , 22 . In the early 1980s, he told his fellows to study the effect of various drugs, such as a retinoic acid, bisdiamine, and nimustin 23 , 24 .…”