The spectrum of clinical biomarkers in severe malaria and new avenues for exploration

Foko, Loick Pradel Kojom; Narang, Geetika; Tamang, Suman; Hawadak, Joseph; Jakhan, Jahnvi; Sharma, Amit; Singh, Vineeta

doi:10.1080/21505594.2022.2056966

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Development of point-of-care tests based on biomarkers could be promising approach. We recently proposed a simple theoretical framework for identifying, evaluating and validating diagnostic, therapeutic prognostic and predictive biomarkers for malaria, and these could be translated to MiP ( 147 ). Longley et al ( 148 ) proposed an interesting approach based on serological markers to detect recent Pv infection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria in pregnancy in India: a 50-year bird’s eye

Kojom Foko,

Singh

2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionIn 2021, India contributed for ~79% of malaria cases and ~ 83% of deaths in the South East Asia region. Here, we systematically and critically analyzed data published on malaria in pregnancy (MiP) in India.MethodsEpidemiological, clinical, parasitological, preventive and therapeutic aspects of MiP and its consequences on both mother and child were reviewed and critically analyzed. Knowledge gaps and solution ways are also presented and discussed. Several electronic databases including Google scholar, Google, PubMed, Scopus, Wiley Online library, the Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium library, the World Malaria Report, The WHO regional websites, and ClinicalTrials.gov were used to identify articles dealing with MiP in India. The archives of local scientific associations/journals and website of national programs were also consulted.ResultsMalaria in pregnancy is mainly due to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv), and on rare occasions to P. ovale spp. and P. malariae too. The overall prevalence of MiP is ~0.1–57.7% for peripheral malaria and ~ 0–29.3% for placental malaria. Peripheral Pf infection at antenatal care (ANC) visits decreased from ~13% in 1991 to ~7% in 1995–1996 in Madhya Pradesh, while placental Pf infection at delivery unit slightly decreased from ~1.5% in 2006–2007 to ~1% in 2012–2015 in Jharkhand. In contrast, the prevalence of peripheral Pv infection at ANC increased from ~1% in 2006–2007 to ~5% in 2015 in Jharkhand, and from ~0.5% in 1984–1985 to ~1.5% in 2007–2008 in Chhattisgarh. Clinical presentation of MiP is diverse ranging from asymptomatic carriage of parasites to severe malaria, and associated with comorbidities and concurrent infections such as malnutrition, COVID-19, dengue, and cardiovascular disorders. Severe anemia, cerebral malaria, severe thrombocytopenia, and hypoglycemia are commonly seen in severe MiP, and are strongly associated with tragic consequences such as abortion and stillbirth. Congenital malaria is seen at prevalence of ~0–12.9%. Infected babies are generally small-for-gestational age, premature with low birthweight, and suffer mainly from anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and clinical jaundice. Main challenges and knowledge gaps to MiP control included diagnosis, relapsing malaria, mixed Plasmodium infection treatment, self-medication, low density infections and utility of artemisinin-based combination therapies.ConclusionAll taken together, the findings could be immensely helpful to control MiP in malaria endemic areas.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria in pregnancy in India: a 50-year bird’s eye

Kojom Foko,

Singh

2023

Front. Public Health

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“…There is paucity of data on biological activities of green MNPs in Cameroon where vector-borne diseases such as malaria are causes of concern (Lehman et al, 2018;Antonio-Nkondjio et al, 2019;Mbohou et al, 2019). In the present study, silver NPs were synthesized using leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (AC-AgNPs), optimized, characterized and evaluated for hemocompatibility and lethal activity against Plasmodium falciparum-Pf (the main and deadliest human malaria species) (Kojom Foko et al, 2021;Kojom Foko et al, 2022b;World Health Organization, 2022), and three mosquito species, i.e., Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti, involved in human transmission of parasites and viruses (dengue, Zika, malaria and lymphatic filariasis) Wang et al, 2017;Patil and Chandrasekaran, 2020). Alchornea cordifolia Schumach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Foko

Hawadak²,

Verma³

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Purpose: The recent emergence of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites resistant to current artemisinin-based combination therapies in Africa justifies the need to develop new strategies for successful malaria control. We synthesized, characterized and evaluated medical applications of optimized silver nanoparticles using Alchornea cordifolia (AC-AgNPs), a plant largely used in African and Asian traditional medicine.Methods: Fresh leaves of A. cordifolia were used to prepare aqueous crude extract, which was mixed with silver nitrate for AC-AgNPs synthesis and optimization. The optimized AC-AgNPs were characterized using several techniques including ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential. Thereafter, AC-AgNPs were evaluated for their hemocompatibility and antiplasmodial activity against Pf malaria strains 3D7 and RKL9. Finally, lethal activity of AC-AgNPs was assessed against mosquito larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti which are vectors of neglected diseases such as dengue, filariasis and chikungunya.Results: The AC-AgNPs were mostly spheroidal, polycrystalline (84.13%), stable and polydispersed with size of 11.77 ± 5.57 nm. FTIR revealed the presence of several peaks corresponding to functional chemical groups characteristics of alkanoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, anthraquonones and saponins. The AC-AgNPs had a high antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 of 8.05 μg/mL and 10.31 μg/mL against 3D7 and RKL9 Plasmodium falciparum strains. Likewise, high larvicidal activity of AC-AgNPs was found after 24 h- and 48 h-exposure: LC50 = 18.41 μg/mL and 8.97 μg/mL (Culex quinquefasciatus), LC50 = 16.71 μg/mL and 7.52 μg/mL (Aedes aegypti) and LC50 = 10.67 μg/mL and 5.85 μg/mL (Anopheles stephensi). The AC-AgNPs were highly hemocompatible (HC50 > 500 μg/mL).Conclusion: In worrying context of resistance of parasite and mosquitoes, green nanotechnologies using plants could be a cutting-edge alternative for drug/insecticide discovery and development.

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“…In diagnosing and managing malaria, various biomarkers have been identified to characterize the disease's severity. These biomarkers included C-reactive protein (CRP), Angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2), Ang-2/1 ratio, Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein (PfHRP2), and platelet count 7 – 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of uric acid levels with severity of Plasmodium infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Kuraeiad,

Kotepui,

Masangkay

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Elevated uric acid (UA) levels have been reported in malaria patients and are particularly prominent in severe malaria cases. This study aims to synthesize the difference in UA levels between malaria patients and uninfected controls, and between patients with severe and non-severe malaria. A comprehensive literature search was carried out across databases such as Embase, MEDLINE, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies for inclusion. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated independently by two reviewers using the JBI critical appraisal tool for observational studies. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate the pooled effect sizes, expressed as Hedges' g, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The Hedges' g was pooled using the random-effects model. An initial search yielding a total of 1122 articles, and a final total of 19 studies being included in the review. Elevated UA levels were observed more prominently in malaria patients, especially those with severe manifestations, when compared to uninfected controls. The conducted meta-analysis demonstrated a significant elevation in UA levels in patients suffering from malaria as compared to uninfected controls (P < 0.01, Hedges’s g = 1.40, 95% CI 0.84–1.95, I2 = 95.81, 16 studies). The conducted meta-analysis demonstrated a significant elevation in UA levels in patients suffering from severe malaria as compared to non-severe malaria (P < 0.01, Hedges’s g = 3.45, 95% CI 1.06–5.83, I2 = 98.73, 6 studies). In summary, these findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of UA as a biomarker for malaria infection and determination of its severity. Further research is needed to validate these findings and to explore the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the elevation of UA levels during malaria infection.

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The spectrum of clinical biomarkers in severe malaria and new avenues for exploration

Cited by 15 publications

References 102 publications

Malaria in pregnancy in India: a 50-year bird’s eye

Malaria in pregnancy in India: a 50-year bird’s eye

Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential

Association of uric acid levels with severity of Plasmodium infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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