The spectral sensitivity of the opponent-color channels

Ingling, Carl R.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(77)90014-1

Cited by 110 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The red-green (M) transform is similar to that originally proposed by Thomton(8). It is a triphasic opponent sensitivity indicating a contribution from the SWS cones to the red mechanism, as noted by others (4,12). The blue-yellow (N) transform proposed by Thomton<8> was tri-modal, with peak responses in the short and medium wavelength regions and an opponent peak in the long wavelength region.…”

Section: Chromatic Brightnesssupporting

confidence: 65%

Chromatic effect on apparent brightness in interior spaces III: Chromatic brightness model

Fotios¹,

Levermore²

1998

Lighting Research and Technology

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In its simplest form the opponent colour model of human colour vision includes an achromatic channel having V(λ) sensitivity, and two opponent colour channels. Perceived brightness is considered to be a sum of the total activity in these three channels. From fitting experimental data it is suggested that at suprathreshold levels the achromatic channel is suppressed, and that brightness can be modelled adequately by the two chromatic channels alone. This model is termed Chromatic Brightness.

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Section: Chromatic Brightnesssupporting

confidence: 65%

Chromatic effect on apparent brightness in interior spaces III: Chromatic brightness model

Fotios¹,

Levermore²

1998

Lighting Research and Technology

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“…And fourth, color cells in V1 often respond to S-cone isolating stimuli, and in each cell, the responses to S-cone stimuli typically align with those to M-cone stimuli (Conway, 2001; Conway et al , 2002; Conway & Livingstone, 2006; Lafer-Sousa et al , 2012)(Figure 2). Many had assumed that S input, if it existed at all, would align with the L input to account for the reddish quality of short-wavelength light (Ingling, 1977). Clearly regions downstream of the LGN and V1 must be critically involved in the computation of hue and other color phenomena such as Hering's basic color categories (Gegenfurtner & Kiper, 2003; Conway, 2009; Conway & Stoughton, 2009; Conway et al , 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Color signals through dorsal and ventral visual pathways

Conway

2013

Vis Neurosci

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Explanations for color phenomena are often sought in the retina, LGN and V1, yet it is becoming increasingly clear that a complete account will take us further along the visual-processing pathway. Working out which areas are involved is not trivial. Responses to S-cone activation are often assumed to indicate that an area or neuron is involved in color perception. However, work tracing S-cone signals into extrastriate cortex has challenged this assumption: S-cone responses have been found in brain regions, such as MT, not thought to play a major role in color perception. Here we review the processing of S-cone signals across cortex and present original data on S-cone responses measured with fMRI in alert macaque, focusing on one area in which S-cone signals seem likely to contribute to color (V4/posterior inferior temporal cortex), and on one area in which S signals are unlikely to play a role in color (MT). We advance a hypothesis that the S-cone signals in color-computing areas are required to achieve a balanced neural representation of perceptual color space, while the S-cone signals in non-color-areas provide a cue to illumination (not luminance) and confer sensitivity to the chromatic contrast generated by natural daylight (shadows, illuminated by ambient sky, surrounded by direct sunlight). This sensitivity would facilitate the extraction of shape-from-shadow signals to benefit global scene analysis and motion perception.

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“…Long-wavelength light activating the L-cones appears reddish, but so does very short-wavelength light activating the S-cones (Ingling, 1977). It might seem logical that the cells responsible for the perception of "red" would pool inputs from S and L cones.…”

Section: The Cortical Chromatic Axesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Structure of Cone Inputs to Color Cells in Alert Macaque Primary Visual Cortex (V-1)

2001

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The spatial structure of color cell receptive fields is controversial. Here, spots of light that selectively modulate one class of cones (L, M, or S, or loosely red, green, or blue) were flashed in and around the receptive fields of V-1 color cells to map the spatial structure of the cone inputs. The maps generated using these cone-isolating stimuli and an eye-position-corrected reverse correlation technique produced four findings. First, the receptive fields were Double-Opponent, an organization of spatial and chromatic opponency critical for color constancy and color contrast. Optimally stimulating both center and surround subregions with adjacent red and green spots excited the cells more than stimulating a single subregion. Second, red-green cells responded in a luminance-invariant way. For example, red-on-center cells were excited equally by a stimulus that increased L-cone activity (appearing bright red) and by a stimulus that decreased M-cone activity (appearing dark red). This implies that the opponency between L and M is balanced and argues that these cells are encoding a single chromatic axis. Third, most color cells responded to stimuli of all orientations and had circularly symmetric receptive fields. Some cells, however, showed a coarse orientation preference. This was reflected in the receptive fields as oriented Double-Opponent subregions. Fourth, red-green cells often responded to S-cone stimuli. Responses to M-and S-cone stimuli usually aligned, suggesting that these cells might be red-cyan. In summary, red-green (or red-cyan) cells, along with blue-yellow and black-white cells, establish three chromatic axes that are sufficient to describe all of color space. Three classes of cones with peak absorptions in the long (560 nm), medium (530 nm), and short (450 nm) wavelengths of light mediate the discrimination of color; they are referred to as L-, M-, and S-cones. The cones are sometimes referred to as red, green, and blue, but each cone class does not code the perception of a single color. Instead, color is mediated by an opponent process (Hering, 1964). This is reflected in the receptive fields of two classes of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), Type I and Type II cells (Fig. 1 A, B) (Wiesel and Hubel, 1966). Type II cells are thought to represent the retinal and geniculate origin of the perceptual blue-yellow axis. These cells have spatially simple receptive fields consisting of one region, and stimulation with different wavelengths within this region causes the cell to respond in different ways: blue-on Type II cells would be excited by blue light and suppressed by yellow light (Fig. 1 B) (Wiesel and Hubel, 1966;Dacey and Lee, 1994). Because the evidence for red-green Type II cells is paltry (Wiesel and Hubel, 1966;De Monasterio and Gouras, 1975;Dreher et al., 1976;De Monasterio, 1978) (for review, see Rodieck, 1991), Type I cells have been invoked as the origin for the red-green axis. Type I cells are chromatically opponent (Fig. 1 A), although their receptive field centers are m...

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The spectral sensitivity of the opponent-color channels

Cited by 110 publications

References 28 publications

Chromatic effect on apparent brightness in interior spaces III: Chromatic brightness model

Chromatic effect on apparent brightness in interior spaces III: Chromatic brightness model

Color signals through dorsal and ventral visual pathways

Spatial Structure of Cone Inputs to Color Cells in Alert Macaque Primary Visual Cortex (V-1)

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