The Specific Surface and Density of Some Soils and Their Colloids

Makower, Benjamin; Shaw, T. M.; Alexander, Lyle T.

doi:10.2136/sssaj1938.036159950002000c0016x

Cited by 19 publications

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“…Among those studies to which reference is frequently made are those by Makower, Shaw, and Alexander (1937), Emmett, Brunauer, and Love (1938), Hendricks, Nelson, and Alexander (1940), Nelson and Hendricks (1943), Mooney, Keenan, and Wood (1952), Quirk (1955), and Zettlemoyer, Young, and Chessick (1955).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Area of Montmorillonite from the Dynamic Sorption of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide

Thomas

1968

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract-Surface area determinations were made on a montmorillonite with various cations emplaced on the exchangeable sites, utilizing nitrogen and carbon dioxide as adsorbates at 77~ and 195~ respectively, in a dynamic system. From the fraction of a Mississippi montmorillonite less than about 1/x in size, samples were prepared by replacing the original exchangeable cations with Li +, Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs +, Mg ++, Ca ++ , Ba ++, and N H4 +, forming a series of homoionic mont morillonite species.Surface areas from 3-point B.E.T. plots (half-hour adsorption points), with nitrogen as the adsorbate, ranged from 61 m2/g for Li-montmorillonite to 138 m2/g for Cs-montmorillonite, thus reflecting a certain degree of nitrogen penetration between layers. Complete penetration should theoretically result in a surface area of over 300 m2/g for this clay with a nitrogen monolayer between each pair of platelets. The experimental data indicate that the extent of penetration is time-dependent and is also a function of the interlayer forces as governed by the size and charge of the replaceable cation. This finding negates the generally accepted concept that nitrogen at 77~ does not penetrate the layers and provides a measure only of the external surface of expandable clay minerals.A further measure of the variation of interlayer forces is provided by the adsorption of carbon dioxide at 195~ Surface area values ranged from 99 m2/g for Li-montmorillonite to 315 m~/g for Csmontmorillonite. Although the carbon dioxide molecule is larger than the nitrogen molecule, its greater penetration apparently is a result of its being kinetically more energetic (with a larger diffusion coefficient) at its higher adsorption temperature. Similar differences have been found with both adsorbates in the study of microporous substances, such as coal, where activated diffusion is of considerable significance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Area of Montmorillonite from the Dynamic Sorption of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide

Thomas

1968

Clays and clay miner.

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“…This was determined by the adsorption of nitrogen at -183" C. using the technique of Makower, Shaw, and Alexander (1937 (which holds when n = co) P for calculating surface areas from the nitrogen adsorption data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion‐exchange Phenomena in Some Soils Containing Amorphous Mineral Constituents

Birrell

Gradwell

1956

Journal of Soil Science

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Soils containing allophane, 'palagonite', and amorphous oxides have been found to give cation-exchange capacity values as determined by conventional methods, which depend markedly upon concentration of leaching solution, the cation in the solution, the volume of the washing alcohol, and its water content. Experiments in which the soil is brought to equilibrium with solutions of barium acetate adjusted to pH 7, and containing an excess of barium with respect to the cation-exchange capacity value given by the leaching method, indicate that the uptake of cation conforms to the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller theory of multilayer physical adsorption. Similar results are also given by barium-chloride and lithium-acetate solutions at pH 7. Adsorption does not take place in the absence of water, and it is thought that it is the hydrated cation which is effective in covering the surface. Adsorption is strongly influenced by equilibrium pH values of the solutions. The adsorption of cations by these soils closely resembles the behaviour of hydrated alumina prepared by precipitation from sodium aluminate with COB. The acetate and chloride anions are taken up to a much smaller extent than the cations. Titration experiments indicate that soils containing allophane exhibit little if any tendency to hold exchangeable hydrogen ions in the same manner as montmorillonite.

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“…As can be seen from this table, the surface areas of the sterilized and nonsterilized Willakenzie soil samples are the same within experimental error for B.E.T. measurements (10,18).…”

Section: Adsorption Studies On Sterilized Soilmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…As can be seen from Figure 4 and the ~bove sequence, there"is an apparent increase in the volume of gas adsorbed between the first and second Huang (19) observed increased adsorptions on samples of Silica Alumina that had been initially evacuated at 250°, 440°, and 800°. This would suggest that long periods of evacuation at a low temperature has the same effect as short periods at higher temperatures (18).…”

Section: --------------------------~----------------------------~----mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Adsorption of Some Atmospheric Gases on Soils of the Willamette Valley River Basin

Quale¹

2000

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The Specific Surface and Density of Some Soils and Their Colloids

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Surface Area of Montmorillonite from the Dynamic Sorption of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide

Surface Area of Montmorillonite from the Dynamic Sorption of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide

Ion‐exchange Phenomena in Some Soils Containing Amorphous Mineral Constituents

A Study of the Adsorption of Some Atmospheric Gases on Soils of the Willamette Valley River Basin

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