The Specific Dynamic Effects of ProteinFatand Carbohydrate as Determined with the Albino Rat at Different Planes of Nutrition

Kriss, Max; Forbes, E. B.; Miller, R. C.

doi:10.1093/jn/8.5.509

Cited by 42 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…11 agrees closely with the figure of 23-7 % which is derived by weighting the absolute S.D.A. figures given by Kriss et al (1934) according to the proximate principle composition of diet 41. The diurnal rhythm in total metabolism is a composite ofincreased nocturnal activity and a nocturnal feeding habit, with the energy costs of activity and of S.D.A.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…This has not been observed; nor is there a reduction in scatter of energy expenditure at the upper end of the body weight range. On the other hand, most of the rats were of approximately equal length which, rather than weight, would be the Forbes et al (1934) and Kriss et al (1934) Kriss et al (1934) according to the proximate principle composition of diet 41. The diurnal rhythm in total metabolism is a composite ofincreased nocturnal activity and a nocturnal feeding habit, with the energy costs of activity and of S.D.A.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…estimated from re-feeding of fasted animals without correction for the metabolism of body tissue. Forbes et al (1934) and Kriss et al (1934) 100 g rats fed at various levels of food intake, rises with food intake unless the total catabolized substance is taken into account, that is the catabolized body substance of animals receiving submaintenance diets. The present estimate of S.D.A.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The total energy metabolism of non‐pregnant rats

Morrison¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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Much information has accumulated over the years on the so-called 'basal' metabolism of many mammalian species. Such information is of great value for some purposes, notably for the comparison of the effects on energy metabolism of various pharmacological and hormonal agents. There are, however, objections to the use of 'basal' determinations as a measure of the normal energy economy of the organism. 'Basal' metabolism, better described as the resting, post-absorptive metabolism, can be determined only over relatively short periods, not more than 1 hr and usually not more than 10 or 15 min; the extrapolation of measurements of such short duration to a period of 24 hr can introduce errors of considerable magnitude. Also, it has been pointed out by and by Forbes, that the apparent effect of specific dynamic action (S.D.A.) in the post-absorptive animal is different to that in the normally feeding animal. The diurnal variations in energy expenditure, pointed out by many workers (e.g. , cannot be taken into account by means of single 'basal' determinations; repeated short-period determinations at intervals throughout the day and night, on the other hand, disturb the normal pattern of behaviour of the animal.In the case of small animals a more serious difficulty in the evaluation of the significance of 'basal' energy arises since the post-absorptive animal is difficult to distinguish from the frankly starving animal; in addition, the true resting state is almost impossible to achieve in small animals for more than a few minutes at a time. Brody, Riggs, Kaufman & Herring (1938) have shown that, in the post-absorptive rat, lactation is severely depressed, and within 8 hr of the last feed completely fails. Such a drastic effect on a normal function at the beginning of what is usually regarded as the post-absorptive period is a strong indication that, in the rat, the post-absorptive state cannot be regarded as physiological.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The total energy metabolism of non‐pregnant rats

Morrison¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Digestive processes increase the rate of O 2 consumption (Kriss et al 1934). Some marine mammals, such as phocid seals, appear to defer digestion until the end of a foraging bout to maximize dive efficiency by decreasing metabolic overhead (Crocker et al 1997, Sparling et al 2007).…”

Section: Change In Metabolic Rate After Fastingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasting affects the surface and diving metabolic rates of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus

Svärd¹,

Fahlman²,

Rosen³

et al. 2009

Aquat. Biol.

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Changes in metabolic rates were measured in 3 captive female Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus that experienced fasts during summer and winter. We measured metabolic rates (via O 2 consumption) before (MR s , surface) and after (DMR, dive + surface interval) the sea lions dove to 10-50 m depths. Measurements were obtained prior to and immediately after 9 to 10 d fasts, and during a 14 d recovery period. The sea lions lost significantly more body mass (M b ) during the winter fast (10.6%), compared with the summer (9.5%). Mass-corrected dive metabolic rate ( c DMR = DMR × M b -0.714 ) was not affected by dive depth or duration, but increased significantly following the winter fasts (13.5 ± 8.1%), but did not change during summer (-1.1 ± 3.2%). However, mass-corrected surface metabolic rate ( c MR s ) decreased significantly after both the summer (-16.4 ± 4.7%) and winter (-8.0 ± 9.0%) fasts. Consequently, the ratio between c DMR and c MR s was significantly higher in winter, suggestive of an increased thermal challenge and convective heat loss while diving. Increased c MR s following the fast indicated that digestion began during foraging and was not deferred, implying that access to ingested energy was of higher priority than optimizing diving ability. c DMR was elevated throughout the recovery period, independent of season, resulting in a 12% increase in foraging cost in winter and a 3% increase in summer. Our data suggest that Steller sea lions are more sensitive to changes in body condition due to food shortages in the winter compared with the summer.

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“…The increase in heat production associated with meal ingestion (HIF) is believed to be the combined result of the mechanical and biochemical processes of food breakdown and the cost of protein synthesis and somatic growth. The extent of the HIF is at least partially dictated by the size and composition of the meal (Kriss et al 1934;Hoch 1971;Blaxter 1989). In our study, the decreased energy intake resulting from the lower energy density of squid (3.69 kJ/g) versus herring (9.41 kJ/g) was amplified by the higher HIF for squid.…”

Section: Heat Increment Of Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Effects of Low‐Energy Diet on Steller Sea Lions,Eumetopias jubatus

Rosen

Trites

1999

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Diets of six Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were switched between a high (herring) and a low (squid) energy density food for 14 d to determine the effects on ingested prey mass, body mass, resting metabolic rate, and the heat increment of feeding. Body mass was measured daily, and resting metabolism was measured weekly by gas respirometry. Ingested food mass did not differ significantly between the squid diet and the control or the recovery herring diet periods. As a result of differences in energy density, gross energy intake was significantly lower during the squid diet phase than during either the control or recovery periods. As a result, sea lions lost an average of 1.1 kg/d, totaling 12.2% of their initial body mass by the end of the experimental period. The heat increment of feeding for a 4-kg squid meal was significantly lower than for a similarly sized meal of herring. Decreases in both absolute (24.0 to 18.0 MJ/d, -24%) and mass-corrected (903 to 697 kJ/d/kg0.67, -20%) metabolism were observed by the end of the squid feedings. This study suggests that sea lions can depress their resting metabolism in response to decreases in energy intake or body mass, regardless of satiation level.

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The Specific Dynamic Effects of ProteinFatand Carbohydrate as Determined with the Albino Rat at Different Planes of Nutrition

Cited by 42 publications

References 18 publications

The total energy metabolism of non‐pregnant rats

The total energy metabolism of non‐pregnant rats

Fasting affects the surface and diving metabolic rates of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus

Metabolic Effects of Low‐Energy Diet on Steller Sea Lions,Eumetopias jubatus

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