The spatial network structure of intertidal meiofaunal communities derived from environmental DNA metabarcoding surveys in Northwest Iberia

Abstract

The identification of the patterns and mechanisms behind species distribution is one of the major challenges in ecology, having also important outcomes for the conservation and management of ecosystems. This is especially true for those components of biodiversity providing essential ecosystem functions and for which standard surveys may underestimate their real taxonomic diversity due to their high degree of cryptic diversity and inherent diagnosis difficulties, such as meiofaunal communities. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding may provide a fast and reliable way to refine and scale-up the characterization of biological diversity in complex environmental samples, allowing to bypass such drawbacks and increase the resolution of biodiversity estimates. Moreover, the possibility of integrating eDNA metabarcoding-derived data with tools and methods rooted in network theory would deepen the knowledge of the structuring processes of ecological communities in ways that cannot be predicted from studying individual species/communities in isolation. Here, a sediment eDNA metabarcoding of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear hypervariable V4 region of the 18S rDNA (18S) was used to reconstruct the spatial networks of intertidal meiofaunal OTUs from three estuaries of North-Western Iberian Peninsula. Null models were used to identify the role of environmental and spatial constraints on the structure of COI- and 18S-derived spatial networks and to characterize the macroecological features of surveyed phyla. Our results show the feasibility of eDNA metabarcoding, not only to capture a fair amount of diversity hard to detect with standard surveys procedures, but also to identify hierarchical spatial structures in intertidal meiofaunal assemblages. This suggests that exclusivity of occurrence rather than pervasiveness appears to be the norm in meiofaunal organisms and that niche-based processes predominantly drive the spatial aggregation and contemporary distribution of meiofaunal phyla within the system.