The spatial modification of the non-linear effects of ambient oxides of nitrogen during pregnancy on birthweight in a South African birth cohort

Mitku, Aweke A.; Zewotir, Temesgen; North, Delia; Jeena, Prakash; Asharam, Kareshma; Muttoo, Sheena; Naidoo, Rajen N.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109239

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Child gender (Female) does not have a direct effect on FFGC, as it constituted an intrinsic characteristic of the infant, while other variables characterize the environment for fetal growth. NOx is also allowed to directly affect BW as a significant relationship was seen in our previous research [22] and BL as well.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 83%

“…Prenatal NOx exposure (μg/m 3 ) for participants in the MACE birth cohort was predicted, using land use regression model based on pre-selected geographic predictors, such as land use types, road length, topography, population and housing density with the methodology used in the European Birth Cohorts (ESCAPE). The parameter estimates were used to predict NOx exposure at the residential addresses of the study participants, as detailed in Muttoo et al [21,22]. Written, informed consent was obtained from the mother for their participating children and for their own consent.…”

Section: Maternal Prenatal Exposure Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of prenatal exposure factors on birth outcomes through mediation of favorable fetal growth conditions using structural equation modeling

et al. 2021

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Background Birth weight, birth length, and gestational age are major indicators of newborn health. Several prenatal exposure factors influence the fetal environment. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure factors, including socio-demographic, behavioural, dietary, physical activity, clinical and environmental on birth outcomes through the mediation of Favourable Fetal Growth Conditions (FFGC). Methods Data was obtained from six hundred and fifty-six Mother and Child in the Environment birth cohort study in Durban, South Africa from 2013 to 2017. We adopted structural equation models which evaluate the direct and indirect effects by allowing multiple simultaneous equations to incorporate confounding and mediation. Results A significant direct and indirect effect of FFGC on newborn weight, length, and gestational age was seen. Gestational weight gain and maternal body mass index in the first trimester exerted a mediation effect between maternal behavioural risk factors and FFGC. Similarly, the level of physical activity during pregnancy was associated with decreased gestational weight gain. The effects of maternal characteristics on newborn weight, length, and gestational age were largely indirect, operating through FFGC as a latent variable. Conclusions Gestational weight gain and maternal pre-gestational BMI were observed to mediate the association between prenatal behavioural risk factors and favourable fetal growth conditions. Trial registration Retrospectively registered from 01 March 2013.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Maternal Prenatal Exposure Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prenatal exposure factors on birth outcomes through mediation of favorable fetal growth conditions using structural equation modeling

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, almost all the primary studies included in the previous reviews were from high-income countries and there is no clear information from the most vulnerable settings, LMICs. In addition to studies from China often captured in the previous reviews, recent studies [39,53,54] are emerging from other LMICs. Hence, synthesis of evidence in LMICs is now possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers [38] have suggested lowering World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines below the current 10 µg/m 3 total mass guideline for harmful carbonaceous PM 2.5 excluding dust and sea-salt levels [38]. Although studies from China are comparatively well-represented in previous reviews [20,51,52], relatively recent studies have been conducted in other LMICs such as India [53], South Africa [54] and across 33 African countries (using 68 surveys from 1998-2016) [39]. The tropical climatic zone of Sub-Saharan Africa adds to the impacts of extreme temperatures in these settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Air Pollution, Extreme Temperatures and Birth Outcomes: A Protocol for an Umbrella Review, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nyadanu

Tessema

Mullins

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and extreme temperatures are among the major risk factors of adverse birth outcomes and with potential long-term effects during the life course. Although low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are most vulnerable, there is limited synthesis of evidence in such settings. This document describes a protocol for both an umbrella review (Systematic Review 1) and a focused systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from LMICs (Systematic Review 2). We will search from start date of each database to present, six major academic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE/Ovid, EMBASE/Ovid and Web of Science Core Collection), systematic reviews repositories and references of eligible studies. Additional searches in grey literature will also be conducted. Eligibility criteria include studies of pregnant women exposed to ambient air pollutants and/or extreme temperatures during pregnancy with and without adverse birth outcomes. The umbrella review (Systematic Review 1) will include only previous systematic reviews while Systematic Review 2 will include quantitative observational studies in LMICs. Searches will be restricted to English language using comprehensive search terms to consecutively screen the titles, abstracts and full-texts to select eligible studies. Two independent authors will conduct the study screening and selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction using JBI SUMARI web-based software. Narrative and semi-quantitative syntheses will be employed for the Systematic Review 1. For Systematic Review 2, we will perform meta-analysis with two alternative meta-analytical methods (quality effect and inverse variance heterogeneity) as well as the classic random effect model. If meta-analysis is infeasible, narrative synthesis will be presented. Confidence in cumulative evidence and the strength of the evidence will be assessed. This protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020200387).

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“…In this study prenatal NOx exposure is predicted using a combined land use regression model for both south and north Durban and then the developed land use regression model was used to predict exposure at the residential addresses of a sample of study participants from the MACE cohort. This is described elsewhere 28,29 . The Mother and Child in the Environment Study was conducted under relevant guidelines, regulations, and research agreements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploratory Data Analysis of Adverse Birth Outcomes and Exposure to Oxides of Nitrogen Using Interactive Parallel Coordinates Plot Technique

Mitku¹,

Zewotir²,

North³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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We propose that a parallel coordinates plot can be used to study multidimensional data particularly to explore discovery of patterns across the variables. this can assist researchers from the health sciences to visualize their cohort data with interactive data analysis. the study used data from Mother and child in the Environment birth cohort in Durban, South Africa for the period 2013 to 2017 retrospectively registered. In this paper, we demonstrate that the exploration of multidimensional data with parallel coordinates plot and use of brushing using different colours assists with the identification of relationships and patterns. parallel coordinates plot visualization facilitates the researcher's skills to find trends, identify outliers and perform quality checks in large multivariate data. We have identified trends in the data that provide directions for further research, and illustrated thereby the potential of parallel coordinates plot to explore patterns and relationships of prenatal oxides of nitrogen exposure with multidimensional birth outcomes. the study recognized the co-occurrence of adverse birth outcomes among infants and these infants had mothers with moderate to high level of nox exposure during pregnancy. Brushing using different colours facilitated the detection of patterns of relationships to perform basic and advanced statistical model-based analysis. Data exploration techniques are important approaches for displaying multidimensional and multivariate datasets 1 , and to demonstrate the different ways that complex interactions among variables can be identified in images 2,3. It is a method for identifying and confirming previously unknown and important patterns within data sets and an important philosophical approach to understanding one's data 4. Visual analytics is well developed for up to three variables (three-dimensional plots (3D plots)). Visual analytics for more than four covariates is complex and not well developed 5. One of the most challenging stages in multivariate data analysis is to identify patterns and associations between a set of interrelated variables. Most typical data exploratory techniques fail to visualize multidimensional data 6. The typical exploratory data analysis techniques, such as bar charts, line graphs, histograms and scatter plots suit one or two-dimensional data 7. However, visualization of complex multidimensional data is challenging for researchers. Box plots, scatter plots, heat maps, complex radial tree layout diagrams are among the most commonly used techniques to better explore multidimensional data 8. The box-and-whisker plot is also useful in bivariate analysis, as it allows comparisons between different groups that results from categorical grouping variables 9. Previous data exploration techniques relied mostly on scatter plot matrices 10. However, it is not generalizable beyond three dimensions and making multivariate associations requires a large amount of screen space. Due to this, the problem of representing multidimensional data is a difficult an...

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The spatial modification of the non-linear effects of ambient oxides of nitrogen during pregnancy on birthweight in a South African birth cohort

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

Effects of prenatal exposure factors on birth outcomes through mediation of favorable fetal growth conditions using structural equation modeling

Effects of prenatal exposure factors on birth outcomes through mediation of favorable fetal growth conditions using structural equation modeling

Ambient Air Pollution, Extreme Temperatures and Birth Outcomes: A Protocol for an Umbrella Review, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Exploratory Data Analysis of Adverse Birth Outcomes and Exposure to Oxides of Nitrogen Using Interactive Parallel Coordinates Plot Technique

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