The Spanish Toxic Oil Syndrome 20 Years after Its Onset: A Multidisciplinary Review of Scientific Knowledge

“…18 It should be read in connection with the exceptions to the free movement of goods, such as the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants. 19 The landmark decision in this context was Cassis de Dijon [16].…”

Section: Advancement Through Case Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 Previously Article 28 of the EC Treaty [14], at that time numbered Article 30. 18 On the relevance of the ban on customs duties and charges having equivalent effect (Article 30 TFEU [13], previously Article 25 EC Treaty [14]), see [15]. 19 Now in Article 36 TFEU [13].…”

Section: Advancement Through Case Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Commission committed to strengthening its food safety control function. This led directly to placing responsibility with the DG for health and consumers (DG Sanco) and to the establishment 21 See [17,18] 22 One example is the Belgian dioxin crises. It was caused by industry oil that had found its way into animal feed and subsequently into the food chain [19].…”

Section: Breakdownmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Structure of European Food Law

Meulen

2013

Laws

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This contribution lays bare the structure of EU food law as it appears from scholarly analysis at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. The structure of EU food law can be used as a framework for teaching, application, further analysis and comparison to food law approaches in other parts of the world. From this analysis, food law emerges as a functional area of law. Core elements are: (1) the objectives of EU food law to protect consumers' interests; (2) the principles of risk analysis and precaution; (3) obligations on businesses regarding the products they place on the market, the processes they apply and their communication towards consumers; and (4) public powers of law enforcement and incident management.

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“…TOS continues to be of great interest to epidemiologists and toxicologists because it is an example of the potential risks of adulterated food, as well as showing the importance of chemical environmental exposures in the development of autoimmune diseases (Gelpi et al 2002). Although TOS patients have a mortality rate similar to that of the Spanish population as a whole, many survivors have been left with a variety of handicapping conditions (Gomez et al 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurologic Outcomes of Toxic Oil Syndrome Patients 18 Years after the Epidemic

Паз¹,

Philen²,

Gerr³

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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Toxic oil syndrome (TOS) resulted from consumption of rapeseed oil denatured with 2% aniline and affected more than 20,000 persons. Eighteen years after the epidemic, many patients continue to report neurologic symptoms that are difficult to evaluate using conventional techniques. We conducted an epidemiologic study to determine whether an exposure to toxic oil 18 years ago was associated with current adverse neurobehavioral effects. We studied a case group of 80 adults exposed to toxic oil 18 years ago and a referent group of 79 adult age-and sex-frequency-matched unexposed subjects. We interviewed subjects for demographics, health status, exposures to neurotoxicants, and responses to the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), Programa Integrado de Exploracion Neuropsicologica (PIEN), and Goldberg depression questionnaires and administered quantitative neurobehavioral and neurophysiologic tests by computer or trained nurses. The groups did not differ with respect to educational background or other critical variables. We examined associations between case and referent groups and the neurobehavioral and neurophysiologic outcomes of interest. Decreased distal strength of the dominant and nondominant hands and increased vibrotactile thresholds of the fingers and toes were significantly associated with exposure to toxic oil. Finger tapping, simple reaction time latency, sequence B latency, symbol digit latency, and auditory digit span were also significantly associated with exposure. Case subjects also had statistically significantly more neuropsychologic symptoms compared with referents. Using quantitative neurologic tests, we found significant adverse central and peripheral neurologic effects in a group of TOS patients 18 years after exposure to toxic oil when compared with a nonexposed referent group. These effects were not documented by standard clinical examination and were found more frequently in women. Environmental Medicine Article fictitious or exaggerated. As a result, some TOS patients may have been incorrectly classified as "chronic complainers," when instead they suffer from a genuine neurologic disorder.A study that used the Nottingham Selfperceived Health Profile to evaluate a subcohort of TOS patients found that, as a group, TOS patients felt that they were in very poor health and that they suffered from a number of health problems (Gomez et al. 1998).Although neurologic findings may be difficult to quantify, within the last few years techniques have been developed to measure neurologic abnormalities more accurately (Gerr et al. 1990(Gerr et al. , 1991Letz 1991). Quantitative neurologic testing has been successfully used to characterize other diseases with subtle neurologic findings, such as the epidemic of optic and peripheral neuropathy that occurred in Cuba (Cuba Neuropathy Field Investigation Team 1995); EMS, a disease clinically similar to TOS (Philen and Posada 1993;Sullivan et al. 1996); and other diseases related to toxic environmental exposures (Stokes et al. 1998).The hypothesis of this ...

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The Spanish Toxic Oil Syndrome 20 Years after Its Onset: A Multidisciplinary Review of Scientific Knowledge

Cited by 74 publications

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The Structure of European Food Law

Neurologic Outcomes of Toxic Oil Syndrome Patients 18 Years after the Epidemic

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