The Spanish Instrument Protocol

Sano, Mary; Mackell, Joan; Pontón, Marcel O.; Ferreira, Paula; Wilson, Jeffrey J.; Pawluczyk, Sonia; Pfeiffer, Eric; Thomas, Ronald G.; Jin, Shelia; Schafer, Kimberly; Schittini, Mario; Grundman, Michael; Ferris, Steven H.; Thal, Leon J.

doi:10.1097/00002093-199700112-00009

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…All participants were screened for dementia by means of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein & McHugh, 1975), adapted for Spanish-speaking individuals (Sano et al, 1997). A Spanish-English bilingual researcher (E.N.)…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is adaptation of the Word Accentuation Test of Premorbid Intelligence necessary for use among older, Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States?

Schrauf

Weıntraub

Navarro

2006

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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Adaptations of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) for assessing premorbid intelligence in languages other than English requires (a) generating word-items that are rare and do not follow grapheme-to-phoneme mappings common in that language, and (b) subsequent validation against a cognitive battery normed on the population of interest. Such tests exist for Italy, France, Spain, and Argentina, all normed against national versions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Given the varieties of Spanish spoken in the United States, the adaptation of the Spanish Word Accentuation Test (WAT) requires re-validating the original word list, plus possible new items, against a cognitive battery that has been normed on Spanish-speakers from many countries. This study reports the generation of 55 additional words and revalidation in a sample of 80 older, Spanish-dominant immigrants. The Batería Woodcock-Muñoz Revisada (BWM-R), normed on Spanish speakers from six countries and five U.S. states, was used to establish criterion validity. The original WAT word list accounted for 77% of the variance in the BWM-R and 58% of the variance in Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices, suggesting that the unmodified list possesses adequate predictive validity as an indicator of intelligence. Regression equations are provided for estimating BWM-R and Ravens scores from WAT scores. (JINS, 2006, 12, 391-399.)

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants completed a Spanish translation (Sano et al, 1997) in which the serial-sevens item was replaced by spelling the word "mundo" ("world") backward (Marshall et al, 1997) and "no ifs, ands, or buts" was replaced by "más vale tarde que nunca" ("better late than never"; Mulgrew et al, 1999).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is adaptation of the Word Accentuation Test of Premorbid Intelligence necessary for use among older, Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States?

Schrauf

Weıntraub

Navarro

2006

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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“…The CDR has been shown to be able to distinguish between participants with AD and controls when comparing English speakers and Spanish speakers. Even in the presence of education, age, and cultural differences, the CDR performed as intended in similar cohorts (Sano et al, 1997). Although a thorough review of the literature did not yield Spanish language CDR sensitivity or specificity, it should be noted that a linguistically adapted CDR instrument The ADAS-Cog is one of the most widely utilized cognitive assessment tools, measuring memory, language, praxis, attention, and cognition (Kolibas, Korinkova, Novotny, Vajdickova, & Hunakova, 2000).…”

Section: Dementia Staging: Clinical Dementia Rating (Cdr) Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Dementia-related neuropsychological testing considerations in non-Hispanic White and Latino/Hispanic populations.

Burke¹,

Naseh²,

Rodriguez³

et al. 2019

Psychology & Neuroscience

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Hispanic individuals are at greater risk for health disparities, less than optimal health care, and are diagnosed at later stages of cognitive impairment than white non-Hispanics. Acculturation and different attitudes toward test-taking may result in decrements in performance, especially on unfamiliar measures that emphasize speed and accuracy. Non-Hispanic individuals often outperform Hispanic individuals on cognitive and neuropsychological measures in community and clinical populations. Current neuropsychological testing may not provide accurate data related to monolingual and bilingual individuals of Hispanic descent. Testing instruments were identified by searching academic databases using combinations of relevant search terms. Neuropsychological instruments were included if they were designed to detect cognitive impairment, had an administration time of less than 45 minutes, and were available in English. Validity studies were required to employ gold standard comparison diagnostic criteria. Twenty-nine instruments were evaluated in dementia staging, global cognition, memory, memory and visual abilities, working memory and attention, verbal learning and memory, recall, language, premorbid intelligence, literacy/cognitive reserve, visuospatial, attention, problem-solving, problem solving and perception, functional assessment, and mood/daily functioning domains. Spanish-language neuropsychological instruments need to be made widely available and existing instruments to be normed in Spanish to best serve and assess diverse populations. Psychometric data were reported for neuropsychological instruments, which may be administered to Hispanic older adults presenting for evaluation related to dementia-spectrum disorders. This is one of the few reviews to provide an overview of the sensitivity and specificity of available Spanish translated neuropsychological instruments.

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English Use Among Older Bilingual Immigrants in Linguistically Concentrated Neighborhoods: Social Proficiency and Internal Speech as Intracultural Variation

Schrauf

2009

J Cross Cult Gerontol

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This research focuses on patterns of English proficiency and use-of-English among older immigrants living in linguistically concentrated, ethnic neighborhoods. A sample (n=60) of older Puerto Ricans, who moved from the island to the mainland in their twenties, were divided into English proficiency groups (fluent, high intermediate, low intermediate) via the Adult Language Assessment Scales. Participants then provided self-ratings of their English proficiency (understanding, speaking, reading, and writing), their use of English in social domains (language spoken with own-family, in-laws, spouse, children, neighbors, and workmates), and their use of English in private psychological domains (language of talking to oneself, counting, writing notes to oneself, thinking, dreaming, praying, and expressing feelings). Finally, all participants completed the Puerto Rican Bicultural Scale. Results show a cohort of immigrant elders whose first language is protected by their ethnic neighborhoods but whose domestic and private lives are increasingly permeated by English. In particular, children emerge as powerful forces of language socialization in English for their parents. Further, there are important individual differences by level of proficiency, with a lowest proficiency group that is less acculturated, lower in socioeconomic status, and even more linguistically isolated than groups with higher proficiency. In essence, level of second language proficiency is a potent source of intracultural variation. Methodologically, the paper makes the important point that self-rated patterns of language use are consistent with scores on formal measures of proficiency. The paper also provides empirical verification of the logic of dividing language use into external, social speech and internal, psychological speech.

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The Spanish Instrument Protocol

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Is adaptation of the Word Accentuation Test of Premorbid Intelligence necessary for use among older, Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States?

Is adaptation of the Word Accentuation Test of Premorbid Intelligence necessary for use among older, Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States?

Dementia-related neuropsychological testing considerations in non-Hispanic White and Latino/Hispanic populations.

English Use Among Older Bilingual Immigrants in Linguistically Concentrated Neighborhoods: Social Proficiency and Internal Speech as Intracultural Variation

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