The spacing of wind turbines in large arrays

Newman, B. G.

doi:10.1016/0013-7480(77)90024-9

Cited by 60 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…As wind farms approach lengths of order or exceeding ten times as long as the height of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), a fully developed regime ensues. In this regime, already considered in early works [1][2][3], and in more recent Large Eddy Simulation (LES) studies [4], 'entrance effects' are no longer felt and the performance of wind turbines is no longer dependent on their distance to the edge of the array. This regime is of interest to understand the asymptotic limiting behavior of large wind farms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The top-down model of wind farm boundary layers and its applications

Meneveau

2012

Journal of Turbulence

102

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A simple model for the interactions of large wind farms with the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer, augmented for wake effects, is used to examine several important aspects of power degradation in large wind farms. It is shown that when combined with a model for internal boundary layer growth following the start of a wind farm, the model can explain measured power degradation trends. The model is then used to re-examine the advantages of off-shore wind farms. It is shown that the smaller roughness length over ocean that leads to faster hub-height winds compared with land-based wind farms is largely overshadowed by the wind turbines themselves.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The top-down model of wind farm boundary layers and its applications

Meneveau

2012

Journal of Turbulence

102

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“…Numerically, this approach is supported by LES (Jimenez et al, 2007;Wussow et al, 2007;Steinfeld et al, 2010;Troldborg et al, 2010). The top-down approach considers the wind park as a whole as an additional surface roughness, as an additional momentum sink or as a gravity wave generator in association with a temperature inversion aloft at the top of the boundary layer (for the latter idea see Smith, 2010), which modifies the mean flow above it (Newman, 1977;Bossanyi et al, 1980;Frandsen, 1992). An analytical model which follows the top-down approach and which is described in detail in Emeis (2012) is shortly introduced.…”

Section: Wind Park Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current issues in wind energy meteorology

Emeis

2014

Meteorological Applications

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This review discusses some of the current issues in wind energy meteorology from the viewpoint of a meteorologist. The focus is on four major subjects: (1) the wind potential, (2) the influence of major terrain inhomogeneities on this wind potential, (3) diurnal wind variations and (4) the impact of wind turbines and wind parks on the flow. The wind potential is addressed by describing vertical profiles of wind and turbulence, trying to give profile laws that are valid throughout the major part of the atmospheric boundary layer and specifying specific offshore turbulence conditions. Flow over forests and gently sloping hills are presented as two examples for the very broad spectrum of possible terrain inhomogeneities. Diurnal variations of wind speed turn out to be height dependent. A major diurnal variation, the formation of low-level jets, is discussed in detail. Finally, wakes of single turbines and of entire wind parks are addressed and an analytical model for park efficiency and wake is presented. This review gives only a short overview on the spectrum of issues in wind energy meteorology. A few analytical approaches are presented to explain first-order effects. Detailed investigations of wind and turbulence conditions usually require the use of non-linear high-resolution flow models.

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“…The first scientific works related to the interactions of Wind Turbines (WTs) in arrays appeared in 1974 [4][5][6][7][8][9][10], marking the beginning of successive paradigm shifts in WT wake (see Section 2.2.1 for a detailed description) modeling and WT array layout optimization. The interactions between WTs through wakes were initially modelled as an equivalent increase in surface roughness which modified the Earth's boundary layer due to the WT-induced drag.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Methodological Approaches for the Design and Optimization of Wind Farms

et al. 2014

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This article presents a review of the state of the art of the Wind Farm Design and Optimization (WFDO) problem. The WFDO problem refers to a set of advanced planning actions needed to extremize the performance of wind farms, which may be composed of a few individual Wind Turbines (WTs) up to thousands of WTs. The WFDO problem has been investigated in different scenarios, with substantial differences in main objectives, modelling assumptions, constraints, and numerical solution methods. The aim of this paper is: (1) to present an exhaustive survey of the literature covering the full span of the subject, an analysis of the state-of-the-art models describing the performance of wind farms as well as its extensions, and the numerical approaches used to solve the problem; (2) to provide an overview of the available knowledge and recent progress in the application of such strategies to real onshore and offshore wind farms; and (3) to propose a comprehensive agenda for future research. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 6931

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The spacing of wind turbines in large arrays

Cited by 60 publications

References 1 publication

The top-down model of wind farm boundary layers and its applications

The top-down model of wind farm boundary layers and its applications

Current issues in wind energy meteorology

A Review of Methodological Approaches for the Design and Optimization of Wind Farms

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