The space‐time continuum: the effects of elevated <scp><scp>CO</scp></scp><sub>2</sub> and temperature on trees and the importance of scaling

Oren, Ram; Kroner, Yulia

doi:10.1111/pce.12527

Cited by 104 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…At the same time, the concept of nitrogen productivity provides a convenient tool for use at larger scales, as it bypasses some of the complex interactions between nitrogen and CO 2 . The nitrogen productivity concept is also convenient to apply at the forest stand scale (Å gren 1983) and over longer time scales, bypassing some of the difficulties with spatial and temporal scaling (Way et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen productivity and allocation responses of 12 important tree species to increased CO2

Ågren

Kattge

2016

Trees

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Key message This paper provides responses in nitrogen productivities for 12 important tree species to elevated CO 2. Abstract The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to increase plant productivity. However, the strength of the response depends on the interaction with other limiting factors, of which nitrogen has been identified as one of the most important. This study analyzed the effects of increasing the CO 2 concentration from 380 ppm (ambient) to 1000 ppm (elevated) on nitrogen productivity (incl. biomass allocation and nutrient concentration of plant organs) in nine deciduous and three conifer tree species. No clear effects on biomass allocation were observed, but leaf nitrogen concentration decreased. Nitrogen productivity increased by 28% over all species, with the strongest response in deciduous trees (34%) and the weakest in conifers (8%). Although these changes are statistically not significant, we conclude that nitrogen productivity provides an integrative and robust concept to assess the effect CO 2 fertilization effects on tree growth under varying nitrogen availability, while more studies are required to firmly establish the magnitude of the response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen productivity and allocation responses of 12 important tree species to increased CO2

Ågren

Kattge

2016

Trees

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“…Respiration, photosynthesis, and tree growth are also affected by increased CO 2 concentrations, which could offset potential negative effects of warming on high latitude conifers. Respiration is not affected by short‐term changes in CO 2 (Amthor, ), but long‐term exposure to high CO 2 increases R dark in about half of the studies to date (Way, Oren, & Kroner, ). Short‐term exposure to elevated CO 2 concentrations also stimulates A net by increasing substrate availability for Rubisco (Ogren & Bowes, ; Sage & Kubien, ), although growth at high CO 2 often leads to a down‐regulation of photosynthetic capacity (Ainsworth & Long, ; Medlyn et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting acclimation abilities of two dominant boreal conifers to elevated CO₂ and temperature

Kurepin

Stangl

Ivanov

et al. 2018

Plant Cell & Environment

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High latitude forests will experience large changes in temperature and CO concentrations this century. We evaluated the effects of future climate conditions on 2 dominant boreal tree species, Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst, exposing seedlings to 3 seasons of ambient (430 ppm) or elevated CO (750 ppm) and ambient temperatures, a + 4 °C warming or a + 8 °C warming. Pinus sylvestris responded positively to warming: seedlings developed a larger canopy, maintained high net CO assimilation rates (A ), and acclimated dark respiration (R ). In contrast, carbon fluxes in Picea abies were negatively impacted by warming: maximum rates of A decreased, electron transport was redirected to alternative electron acceptors, and thermal acclimation of R was weak. Elevated CO tended to exacerbate these effects in warm-grown Picea abies, and by the end of the experiment Picea abies from the +8 °C, high CO treatment produced fewer buds than they had 3 years earlier. Treatments had little effect on leaf and wood anatomy. Our results highlight that species within the same plant functional type may show opposite responses to warming and imply that Picea abies may be particularly vulnerable to warming due to low plasticity in photosynthetic and respiratory metabolism.

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“…Concurrently, stomatal conductance decreases consistently with eCO 2 in most species (8)(9)(10)(11). Even though the leaf-level responses are well characterized and quantifiable, the ecosystem response to eCO 2 remains considerably more uncertain and difficult to predict (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). This discrepancy is not simply a consequence of the uncertainty in scaling up from leaf to canopy and ecosystem but derives from indirect effects and feedbacks that may lead to an amplification or dampening of the direct leaf-level response to eCO 2 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO₂

Fatichi

Leuzinger

Paschalis

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

129

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Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide are expected to affect carbon assimilation and evapotranspiration (ET), ultimately driving changes in plant growth, hydrology, and the global carbon balance. Direct leaf biochemical effects have been widely investigated, whereas indirect effects, although documented, elude explicit quantification in experiments. Here, we used a mechanistic model to investigate the relative contributions of direct (through carbon assimilation) and indirect (via soil moisture savings due to stomatal closure, and changes in leaf area index) effects of elevated CO 2 across a variety of ecosystems. We specifically determined which ecosystems and climatic conditions maximize the indirect effects of elevated CO 2 . The simulations suggest that the indirect effects of elevated CO 2 on net primary productivity are large and variable, ranging from less than 10% to more than 100% of the size of direct effects. For ET, indirect effects were, on average, 65% of the size of direct effects. Indirect effects tended to be considerably larger in water-limited ecosystems. As a consequence, the total CO 2 effect had a significant, inverse relationship with the wetness index and was directly related to vapor pressure deficit. These results have major implications for our understanding of the CO 2 response of ecosystems and for global projections of CO 2 fertilization, because, although direct effects are typically understood and easily reproducible in models, simulations of indirect effects are far more challenging and difficult to constrain. Our findings also provide an explanation for the discrepancies between experiments in the total CO 2 effect on net primary productivity.he leaf-level response to elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ) is well known: at current CO 2 levels, photosynthesis of C 3 plants is not saturated, whereas, for C 4 plants, it is close to saturation (e.g., refs. 1-4). If acclimation is limited, leaf-level carbon assimilation of C 3 plants will increase as the CO 2 concentration increases, as shown by, among others, observations in Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments (5-7). Concurrently, stomatal conductance decreases consistently with eCO 2 in most species (8-11). Even though the leaf-level responses are well characterized and quantifiable, the ecosystem response to eCO 2 remains considerably more uncertain and difficult to predict (12-17). This discrepancy is not simply a consequence of the uncertainty in scaling up from leaf to canopy and ecosystem but derives from indirect effects and feedbacks that may lead to an amplification or dampening of the direct leaf-level response to eCO 2 .Indirect effects may be related to (i) modifications of plant water status through changes in soil moisture within the root zone, which occur as a consequence of stomatal closure; (ii) changes in Leaf Area Index (LAI), root biomass and depth, and canopy structure; (iii) limitations due to soil nutrient scarcity or plant incapability to take up nutrients at a rate sufficient to support enhanced c...

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The space‐time continuum: the effects of elevated CO₂ and temperature on trees and the importance of scaling

Cited by 104 publications

References 197 publications

Nitrogen productivity and allocation responses of 12 important tree species to increased CO2

Nitrogen productivity and allocation responses of 12 important tree species to increased CO2

Contrasting acclimation abilities of two dominant boreal conifers to elevated CO₂ and temperature

Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO₂

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The space‐time continuum: the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on trees and the importance of scaling

Cited by 104 publications

References 197 publications

Nitrogen productivity and allocation responses of 12 important tree species to increased CO2

Nitrogen productivity and allocation responses of 12 important tree species to increased CO2

Contrasting acclimation abilities of two dominant boreal conifers to elevated CO2 and temperature

Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO2

Contact Info

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Resources

About

The space‐time continuum: the effects of elevated CO₂ and temperature on trees and the importance of scaling

Contrasting acclimation abilities of two dominant boreal conifers to elevated CO₂ and temperature

Partitioning direct and indirect effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated CO₂