The Southern Ocean carbon and climate observations and modeling (SOCCOM) project: A review

Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Johnson, Kenneth S.; Arteaga, Lionel A.; Bushinsky, Seth M.; Cullen, Heidi M.; Gray, Alison R.; Hotinski, Roberta M.; Maurer, Tanya L.; Mazloff, Matthew R.; Riser, Stephen C.; Russell, Joellen L.; Schofield, Oscar M.; Talley, Lynne D.

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103130

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 190 publications

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“…In this version, the ecosystem within MARBL consists of 105 three phytoplankton functional types (diatoms, diazotrophs, and a mixed small phytoplankton group) and a single zooplankton functional type. To demonstrate the functionality of the new synthetic float tool, we conduct a six-year model simulation from 2012 to 2017, i.e., overlapping with the SOCCOM period starting in 2014 (Riser et al, 2018;Sarmiento et al, 2023). In our simulation, the model grid has a horizontal resolution that ranges from ∼30 km in the tropics and the high latitudes to ∼60 km https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-220 Preprint.…”

Section: Model Setup and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatio-temporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry

Nissen,

Lovenduski,

Maltrud

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Abstract. Since their advent over two decades ago, autonomous Argo floats have revolutionized the field of oceanography, and more recently, the addition of biogeochemical and biological sensors to these floats has greatly improved our understanding of carbon, nutrient, and oxygen cycling in the ocean. While Argo floats offer unprecedented horizontal, vertical, and temporal coverage of the global ocean, uncertainties remain about whether Argo sampling frequency and density capture the true spatio-temporal variability of physical, biogeochemical, and biological properties. As the true distributions of, e.g., temperature or oxygen are unknown, these uncertainties remain difficult to address with Argo floats alone. Numerical models with synthetic observing systems offer one potential avenue to address these uncertainties. Here, we implement synthetic biogeochemical Argo floats into the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 (E3SMv2). Since the synthetic floats sample the model fields at model run time, the end-user defines the sampling protocol ahead of any model simulation, including the number and distribution of synthetic floats to be deployed, their sampling frequency, and the prognostic or diagnostic model fields to be sampled. Using a six-year proof-of-concept simulation, we illustrate the utility of the synthetic floats in different case studies. In particular, we quantify the impact of i) sampling density on the float-derived detection of deep-ocean change in temperature or oxygen and on float-derived estimates of phytoplankton phenology, ii) sampling frequency and sea-ice cover on float trajectory lengths and hence float-derived estimates of current velocities, and iii) short-term variability in ecosystem stressors on estimates of seasonal variability.

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Section: Model Setup and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatio-temporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry

Nissen,

Lovenduski,

Maltrud

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…The Southern Ocean has accumulated high profile densities for each BGC property due in large part to the success of the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modelling (SOCCOM) project (Maurer et al, 2021;Sarmiento et al, 2023). However, floats deployed as part of SOCCOM do not include radiometers, explaining the low level of PAR/E d data in this region.…”

Section: Regional Profile Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A census of quality-controlled Biogeochemical-Argo float measurements

Stoer,

Takeshita,

Maurer

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Biogeochemical- (BGC-) Argo aims to deploy and maintain a global array of autonomous profiling floats to monitor ocean biogeochemistry. With over 250,000 profiles collected so far, the BGC-Argo network is rapidly expanding toward the target of a sustained fleet of 1,000 floats. These floats prioritize the measurement of six key properties: oxygen, nitrate, pH, chlorophyll-a, suspended particles, and downwelling light. To assess the current biogeochemical state of the ocean, its variability, and trends with confidence, it is crucial to quality control these measurements. Accordingly, BGC-Argo maintains a quality control system using manual inspection and parameter-specific algorithms for flagging and adjusting data. In this study, we provide a census of the quantity and quality of measurements from BGC-Argo based on their quality flagging system. The purpose of this census is to assess the current status of the array in terms of data quality, how data quality has changed over time, and to provide a better understanding of the quality-controlled data to current and future users. Alongside increasing profile numbers and spatial coverage, we report that for most parameters between 80 and 95% of the profiles collected so far contain high-quality BGC data, with an exception for pH. The quality of pH profiles has seen a large improvement in the last five years and is on track to match the data quality of other BGC parameters. We highlight how BGC-Argo is improving and discuss strategies to increase the quality and quantity of BGC profiles available to users. This census shows that tracking percentages of high-quality data through time is useful for monitoring float sensor technology and helpful for ensuring the long-term success of BGC-Argo.

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“…To predict the response of marine ecosystems to shifting nutrient supply, both natural and anthropogenic, sustained, high-frequency observations using autonomous sensors are needed. Reagent-free ultraviolet (UV) sensors have transformed nitrate monitoring in coastal and open-ocean systems over the past two decades (Johnson and Coletti, 2002;Sakamoto et al, 2017;Sarmiento et al, 2023). However, autonomous observations of phosphate and silicate still lag far behind nitrate, despite their biological relevance and recognition as Essential Ocean Variables of the Global Ocean Observing System (IOCCP, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmable flow injection: a versatile technique for benchtop and autonomous analysis of phosphate and silicate in seawater

Lebrec,

Grand

2024

Front. Mar. Sci.

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High-resolution, autonomous monitoring of phosphate and silicate in the marine environment is essential to understand their complex dynamics and implications for the functioning of marine ecosystems. In the absence of dependable reagent-less sensors for these nutrients, leveraging established colorimetric techniques using miniaturized analyzers, such as programmable Flow Injection (pFI), offers the best immediate solution to meet oceanographic accuracy and precision standards. In this work, we further optimize the phosphomolybdate and silicomolybdate assays recently adapted for use with pFI, laying the groundwork for the technique’s use for long-term, autonomous operations. For both assays, we show that only a narrow range of acidities and molybdate concentrations can maximize sensitivity while minimizing salt effects. In addition, we demonstrate the stability of our optimized colorimetric reagent formulations, ensuring that analytical sensitivity remains within 10% of initial levels for at least 35 days of continuous use. We then applied our optimized protocols to produce oceanographically consistent phosphate and silicate profiles at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) and Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS), respectively, which compared favorably against a reference method and historical data. Using certified reference materials for nutrients in seawater, we show that our pFI protocols, optimized for long-term operations, achieve a shipboard precision better than 6% and a relative combined uncertainty (k=1) of 4.5% for phosphate (0.45 - 2.95 µmol L-1) and 6.2% for silicate (2.2 to 103 µmol L-1). To demonstrate pFI’s potential as a versatile tool for autonomous monitoring, we report a five-day hourly phosphate time series at a coastal shore station in central California (n=121 analyses), examine phosphate uptake by seaweed at five-minute intervals at a seaweed aquaculture facility (n=103), and discuss a unique, high-resolution surface silicate transect spanning multiple frontal zones in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean (n=249). These data, obtained using a commercially available pFI analyzer, confirm that pFI is a viable technology for autonomous monitoring of phosphate and silicate, paving the way for more ambitious, long-term deployments in a variety of settings.

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The Southern Ocean carbon and climate observations and modeling (SOCCOM) project: A review

Cited by 8 publications

References 190 publications

Using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatio-temporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry

Using synthetic float capabilities in E3SMv2 to assess spatio-temporal variability in ocean physics and biogeochemistry

A census of quality-controlled Biogeochemical-Argo float measurements

Programmable flow injection: a versatile technique for benchtop and autonomous analysis of phosphate and silicate in seawater

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