The Southern Hemisphere westerlies in the Australasian sector over the last glacial cycle: a synthesis

Shulmeister, James; Goodwin, Ian; Renwick, James; Harle, Kate; Armand, Leanne K.; McGlone, Matt S.; Cook, Edward R.; Dodson, John; Hesse, Paul; Mayewski, Paul Andrew; Curran, Mark A. J.

doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00129-0

Cited by 211 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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Section: Holocene Vegetation History Of Staces Tarn and Lake Heron Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dodson and Thom 1992). Research by Hesse et al (2004) indicates extreme conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), with dune formation taking place on the Blue Mountains, suggesting high aridity and sparse vegetation cover. Dune formation was also active on the coast itself; at Kurnell, strong westerlies blew up dunes from the exposed bed of Botany Bay (Lees 2006).…”

Section: Environmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McGlone and Wilmshurst (1999) suggested that as the subtropical high retreated northwards from its early-Holocene position, temperatures gradually declined. The westerlies also increased through the Holocene (Shulmeister et al 2004) and the gradual decline of podocarp forests may reflect both a gradual cooling, and more significantly, an increase in the occurrence of droughts as eastern areas dried out under the enhanced westerly flow.Based on sedimentation rates, beech pollen rose from trace values after about 3000 yr BP at Staces Tarn, but it was not until about 1500 yr BP that a pronounced pollen change occurred as beech replaced the montane podocarp forest as the dominant forest cover. The beech history at Staces Tarn is similar to adjacent areas.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Altered Ecologies: Fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes: Terra Australis 32

Haberle¹,

Stevenson²,

Prebble³

2010

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terra australis 32Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia -lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present.Since the beginning of the series, the basic colour on the spine and cover has distinguished the regional distribution of topics as follows: ochre for Australia, green for New Guinea, red for South-East Asia and blue for the Pacific Islands. From 2001, issues with a gold spine will include conference proceedings, edited papers and monographs which in topic or desired format do not fit easily within the original arrangements. All volumes are numbered within the same series. Copyright of the text remains with the contributors/authors, 2009. This book is copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne convention. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. Among saltbush greyer than seaweed we boardwalk the yeasting waves of the old golden-perch pond. List of volumes in Terra AustralisRabbit dung dots a lake bottom dry since their coming -only once, last century, after seven inches of rain a farmer had to rescue his sheep by boat.The roo bounces down-slope, a brown branch crackling.The professor's eye, noting the local runoff and what the westerlies do, observes seas that rush in and out of a continent's middle, salt lakes spreading and emptying, hills pimpling up and down with cartoon-like speed, or gullying themselves into extinction, rainforests and deserts zipping back and forth like Tom and Jerry. A human mouse plague swiftly swarms, perhaps soon gone.Impermanent planet. Impermanent surface. All under air and water. The lunette is a wave, a dumper of sand, a collapsing tower in the mad rabbit years when its top blew off and old bones winked through, with a vault's worth of fine stone cores.Once so simply mislaid in sand, now so obligingly sluiced out to the un-subincised world that smiles at stone knives. terra australis 32Altered Ecologies: Fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes v You might as well offer your table knife to a carpenter.Cane grass and the Dreamtime's stone fight the eroding rivulets together. In today's rare downpour each lost core, or blunted scraper crowns some tiny eroding hillock, plops its anchor in the dissolving silts.The bettong whose skin took off the stone tool's edge has vanished -sacrifice to future fertility.Through the softening soil Homo sapiens's skeleton bumps up like a carp's back.Waits for the wind to shave it off in pieces.A D-section and a ti...

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Section: Holocene Vegetation History Of Staces Tarn and Lake Heron Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Altered Ecologies: Fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes: Terra Australis 32

Haberle¹,

Stevenson²,

Prebble³

2010

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“…Evidence for enhanced ocean upwelling east of New Zealand (Fenner et al, 1992;Weaver et al, 1998) and maxima in dust flux (Thiede, 1979;Stewart and Neall, 1984;Carter et al, 1995) have generally been attributed to persistent and strong westerly flow during the LGM (e.g. Markgraf et al, 1992;Shulmeister et al, 2004). Glacio-eustatic sea level lowering increased the relative height of the Southern Alps which in turn intensified shows the physical relationship between mean monthly temperature and the snow-rain ratio (Q S ) as derived empirically from the Swiss Alps (Sevruk, 1992).…”

Section: Glaciological Setting: New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have suggested relatively wet conditions in New Zealand associated with enhanced Westerlies during the LGM (e.g. Eden and Hammond, 2003;Shulmeister et al, 2004) and LGIT (e.g. Pepper et al, 2004), while others argue that humidity was somewhat reduced during glacial periods (e.g.…”

Section: Temperature Effects On Snow Mass Balances In the Southern Alpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synoptic climate change as a driver of late Quaternary glaciations in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere

Rother

Shulmeister

2006

Clim. Past

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Abstract. The relative timing of late Quaternary glacial advances in mid-latitude (40-55 • S) mountain belts of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) has become a critical focus in the debate on global climate teleconnections. On the basis of glacial data from New Zealand (NZ) and southern South America it has been argued that interhemispheric synchrony or asynchrony of Quaternary glacial events is due to Northern Hemisphere (NH) forcing of SH climate through either the ocean or atmosphere systems. Here we present a glacial snow-mass balance model that demonstrates that large scale glaciation in the temperate and hyperhumid Southern Alps of New Zealand can be generated with moderate cooling. This is because the rapid conversion of precipitation from rainfall to snowfall drives massive ice accumulation at small thermal changes (1-4 • C). Our model is consistent with recent paleo-environmental reconstructions showing that glacial advances in New Zealand during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Last Glacial Interglacial Transition (LGIT) occurred under very moderate cooling. We suggest that such moderate cooling could be generated by changes in synoptic climatology, specifically through enhanced regional flow of moist westerly air masses. Our results imply that NH climate forcing may not have been the exclusive driver of Quaternary glaciations in New Zealand and that synoptic style climate variations are a better explanation for at least some late Quaternary glacial events, in particular during the LGIT (e.g. Younger Dryas and/or Antarctic Cold Reversal).

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Changes in the position of the Subtropical Front south of New Zealand since the last glacial period

et al. 2015

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This study fills an important gap in our understanding of past changes in the Southern Subtropical Front (S-STF) in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Paleo-sea surface temperatures (SST) were estimated from planktic foraminiferal census counts from cores straddling the modern S-STF in the Solander Trough, south of New Zealand. The estimated SST were compared for 6 time slices; glacial period (25-21 ka), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21-18 ka), early deglaciation (18-16 ka), late deglacial/early Holocene period (14-8 ka), mid-Holocene period (8-4 ka), and late Holocene period (4-0 ka). The position of the S-STF was determined by two methods:(1) the location of the 10°C isotherm and (2) the location of the highest SST gradients. These new results suggest that the S-STF was not continuous between east and west of New Zealand during the glacial period. Steep SST gradients indicate that a strong S-STF rapidly shifted south during the LGM and early deglaciation. During the late deglacial and Holocene periods the position of the S-STF differs between the two methods with reduced SST gradients, suggesting a more diffuse S-STF in the Solander Trough at this time. The glacial SST data suggest that the S-STF shifted north to the west of New Zealand, while to the east there was a stronger SST gradient across the front. This was possibly the result of an increased wind stress curl, which could have been caused by stronger, or more northerly Southern Hemisphere westerly winds (SHWW), or a merging of the SHWW split jet in this region.

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The Southern Hemisphere westerlies in the Australasian sector over the last glacial cycle: a synthesis

Cited by 211 publications

References 176 publications

Altered Ecologies: Fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes: Terra Australis 32

Altered Ecologies: Fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes: Terra Australis 32

Synoptic climate change as a driver of late Quaternary glaciations in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere

Changes in the position of the Subtropical Front south of New Zealand since the last glacial period

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