The Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California

Baker, Laura A.; Barton, Mafalda; Raine, Adrian

doi:10.1375/twin.5.5.456

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…These include measures obtained through child and caregiver interviews, as well as laboratory observations, teacher reports, and school records. Additional measures of social and biological risk factors are also obtained but described elsewhere (Baker et al 2002, 2006, 2007). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twins and their families were ascertained primarily through local schools, both public and private, in Los Angeles and the surrounding communities (see Baker et al 2002 for a detailed description). Qualifications for the study were based on age of the twins (9 or 10 years old at the time of initial assessment), their English proficiency (a stanine score of at least 3.0 on a standardized test of English proficiency), and availability to participate in a 6–8 h laboratory assessment on any day of the week.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children

Baker

Raine

Liu

et al. 2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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145

112

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While significant heritability for childhood aggression has been claimed, it is not known whether there are differential genetic and environmental contributions to proactive and reactive forms of aggression in children. This study quantifies genetic and environmental contributions to these two forms of aggression in an ethnically diverse urban sample of 9-10 year old twins (N=1219), and compares results across different informants (child self-report, mother, and teacher ratings) using the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of RPQ items indicated a significant and strong fit for a two-factor proactive-reactive model which was significantly superior to a one-factor model and which replicated across gender as well as the three informant sources. Males scored significantly higher than females on both self-report reactive and proactive aggression, findings that replicated on mother and teacher versions of the RPQ. AsianAmericans scored lower than most ethnic groups on reactive aggression yet were equivalent to Caucasians on proactive aggression. African-Americans scored higher than other ethnic groups on all measures of aggression except caregiver reports. Heritable influences were found for both forms of aggression across informants, but while boys' self-reports revealed genetic influences on proactive (50%) and reactive (38%) aggression, shared and non-shared environmental influences almost entirely accounted for girls' self-report reactive and proactive aggression. Although genetic correlations between reactive and proactive aggression were significant across informants, there was evidence that the genetic correlation was less than unity in boys self reported aggression, indicating that genetic factors differ for proactive and reactive aggression. These findings provide the first evidence for varying genetic and environmental etiologies for reactive and proactive aggression across gender, and provide additional support for distinction between these two forms of aggression. KeywordsAggression; Reactive; Proactive; Genetic; Gender Correspondence to: Laura A. Baker. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThere is increasing evidence from behavioral genetic research on child, adolescent, and adult personality for the role of heritable influences in shaping aggressive behavior. An initial review by Plomin et al. (1990) of 11 twin studies of aggression found only modest heritability for aggression, with average concordance rates of 0.32 and 0.14 for monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins respectively. In contrast, a later meta-analysis (Miles and Carey 1997) argued that genetic processes explain up to 50% of the variability in aggression. A major gap in this literature is that to date we know very little, if anything, on the differential heritable and environmental influences on two specific forms of aggression: reactive (impulsive, affective, "hot-blooded") and proactive (planned, instrumental, "cold-blooded"). ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children

Baker

Raine

Liu

et al. 2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

Self Cite

145

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Informed consent and assent were obtained from all participants. More details on the protocol procedures and zygosity determination can be found elsewhere (Baker, Barton, Lozano, Raine, & Fowler, 2006; Baker, Barton, & Raine, 2002; Baker et al, 2013). Complete data on one or more waves of aggression and wave 4 conditioning were available for 329 participants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin conductance fear conditioning impairments and aggression: A longitudinal study

et al. 2014

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Autonomic fear conditioning deficits have been linked to child aggression and adult criminal behavior. However, it is unknown if fear conditioning deficits are specific to certain subtypes of aggression, and longitudinal research is rare. In the current study, reactive and proactive aggression were assessed in a sample of males and females when aged 10, 12, 15, and 18 years old. Skin conductance fear conditioning data were collected when they were 18 years old. Individuals who were persistently high on proactive aggression measures had significantly poorer conditioned responses at 18 years old when compared to others. This association was not found for reactive aggression. Consistent with prior literature, findings suggest that persistent antisocial individuals have unique neurobiological characteristics and that poor autonomic fear conditioning is associated with the presence of increased instrumental aggressive behavior.

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“…Data collection for the project occurred across five waves, with the first (Wave 1 [W1]) occurring during 2000-2004 when participants were 9 to 10 years of age, and subsequent waves occurring every 2 to 3 years thereafter, with W3, W4, and W5 occurring at ages 14 to 15, 16 to 18, and 19 to 20, respectively. Additional participants were recruited at W3 to be representative of the greater Los Angeles area in terms of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (for further details regarding sample characteristics; see Baker et al (2002) and Baker et al (2006) for details regarding recruitment and study inclusion criteria). The total W3 sample consisted of 1,185 youth with a mean age of 14.87 years (SD = .87), of whom 51.2% were female.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triarchic traits as risk versus protective factors for ADHD symptomatology: A prospective longitudinal investigation

Chan,

Perkins,

Bertoldi

et al. 2024

Dev Psychopathol

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with myriad adverse outcomes, including interpersonal difficulties, but factors that moderate the developmental course and functional impact of ADHD over time are not well understood. The present study evaluated developmental contributions of the triarchic neurobehavioral traits (boldness, meanness, and disinhibition) to ADHD symptomatology and its subdimensions from adolescence to young adulthood. Participants were twins and triplets assessed at ages 14, 17, and 19 (initial N = 1,185, 51.2% female). Path analyses using negative binomial regression revealed that boldness at age 14 was associated with more ADHD symptoms cross-sectionally (especially hyperactivity/impulsivity), but fewer symptoms (especially inattention) at age 19 in the prospective analysis. Notably, inclusion of interpersonal problems at ages 14 and 17 as covariates reduced the latter effect to nonsignificant. Disinhibition concurrently and prospectively predicted higher levels of ADHD symptoms, including both subdimensions, and the prospective effects were partially mediated by greater social impairment at age 17. Meanness prospectively (but not concurrently) predicted higher levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. Sex moderated certain associations of meanness and disinhibition with ADHD symptoms. These findings highlight how fundamental neurobehavioral traits shape both psychopathology and adaptive outcomes in the developmental course of ADHD.

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The Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Differential Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children

Differential Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children

Skin conductance fear conditioning impairments and aggression: A longitudinal study

Triarchic traits as risk versus protective factors for ADHD symptomatology: A prospective longitudinal investigation

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