The Sources of Soviet Conduct by “X”

Kennan, George F.

doi:10.7312/dall92896-013

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…60 He does recognize that moral principles have a role to play in foreign affairs, both positive and negative, but he concludes that moral judgments are of relevance "primarily in our own behavior, not in our judgment of others." 61 Kennan's most recognizable and abiding contribution to U.S. foreign policy is the concept of containment, which he ªrst articulated in the "X" article: "In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but ªrm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies." 62 Kennan's concept of containment did not arise ex nihilo.…”

Section: Kennan On Morality and Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 98%

Contained? The Religious Life of George F. Kennan and Its Influence

Wallace

2013

Journal of Cold War Studies

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Nine experts on Cold War history offer commentaries about John Lewis Gaddis's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of George F. Kennan, the first head of the U.S. State Department's Policy Planning Staff. The commentators come from several countries and offer a wide range of perspectives about Gaddis's George F. Kennan: An American Life, published by Penguin Books in 2011. Although most of the commentators express highly favorable assessments of the book, they also raise numerous points of criticism. Two of the commentators, Barton J. Bernstein and Anders Stephanson, present extended critiques of Gaddis's biography. The forum concludes with a reply by Gaddis to all the commentaries, especially those by Bernstein and Stephanson.

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Section: Kennan On Morality and Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 98%

Contained? The Religious Life of George F. Kennan and Its Influence

Wallace

2013

Journal of Cold War Studies

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“…American policy toward the Soviet Union hardened into "a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counterforce at every point" during the late 1940s (Kennan, 1947;McCormick, 2005, pp. 46-47).…”

Section: East-west Spatial Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategic Narratives in US Public Diplomacy: A Critical Geopolitics

Pamment

2014

Popular Communication

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“…The ultimate goal in this framework is to isolate the enemy and weaken its power and if possible, facilitate its internal collapse and possibly eliminate its threat. Kennan added that -the main element of any United States' policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies‖ (Kennan 1947).…”

Section: Regional Security Complex In the Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering Trump’s “Maximum Pressure” Policy: The Enduring Challenge of Containing Iran

Joobani¹,

Daheshvar²

2020

NMES

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Since the advent of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the US has pursued a policy of containment towards Iran. In a major shift from Obama’s policy of appeasement, the Trump administration has spearheaded the “Maximum Pressure” campaign in an effort to contain Iran and coerce it into changing its behaviour. Although the fate of Trump’s policy remains a puzzle, it is evident that the US administration’s decisions, i.e. the withdrawal from the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), re-imposition of nuclear-related sanctions and re-securitisation of Iran as well as Tehran’s counter-strategies to defy US pressures have exacerbated the enmity between Washington and Tehran. By applying the Regional Security Complex theory and linking it with George Kennan’s “containment strategy”, this article attempts to deconstruct the modus operandi of Trump administration towards Iran and scrutinise the various policy tools the US has employed to implement the maximum pressure doctrine. This research concludes that through exerting vast economic sanctions, maximizing diplomatic pressures and maintaining military deterrence, the Trump administration aims to create the conditions of possibility for regime collapse in the event that Iran refuses to change its behaviour. The article uses an analytical-explanative method and seeks to contribute to the existing academic and policy-oriented research regarding US-Iran relations via employing a hybrid theoretical lens.

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The Sources of Soviet Conduct by “X”

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Contained? The Religious Life of George F. Kennan and Its Influence

Contained? The Religious Life of George F. Kennan and Its Influence

Strategic Narratives in US Public Diplomacy: A Critical Geopolitics

Deciphering Trump’s “Maximum Pressure” Policy: The Enduring Challenge of Containing Iran

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