The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review

Zhang, Zhenying; Wang, Jiayu; Xu, Feng; Chang, Li; Yan-hua, Chen; Wang, Xingguo

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.005

Cited by 193 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Given concerns about greenhouse gas emission reductions and renewable energy conservation, new energy vehicles driven by electric energy have been paid increasing attention due to the substitution of traditional petroleum energy in recent years [1][2][3]. In the field of transportation where energy consumption is very large, it is of great significance for electric energy to replace petroleum energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Optimal Refrigerant Charge Amount Determination for Air-Conditioning Heat Pump System in Electric Vehicles

Jin

Liu

et al. 2020

Energies

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With regard to concerns about an electric vehicle’s driving range extension in a cold climate, an air-conditioning heat pump (ACHP) shows considerable advantage over thermoelectric heaters for battery energy conservation. The effect of refrigerant charge amount for cooling and heating performance of the ACHP system is significant. The optimal charge, realizing the optimal system performance, is usually determined by experiments of cooling and heating performance. In this paper, the optimal charge determination process based on a newly designed ACHP applied in electric vehicles was introduced. Relationships of characteristics with charge in two modes were investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. Firstly, the performance of the ACHP system was respectively investigated at different charge amounts in cooling and heating operating conditions according to key parameters of system cycles. Secondly, the intersection platforms of subcooling and superheat variation curves with refrigerant charge amount were obtained for determining optimal charge amount of the system further by comprehensive analysis. Finally, the theoretical calculation of charge with three instructive and classical void friction correlation models were applied for better comparisons. It was found that charge amount calculated by the Hughmark model proved to be most consistent with the comprehensive experimental results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Optimal Refrigerant Charge Amount Determination for Air-Conditioning Heat Pump System in Electric Vehicles

Jin

Liu

et al. 2020

Energies

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“…With increasing strict regulations on automobiles from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), electric vehicles (EVs) including hybrid EVs and fuel cell EVs enter people's vision and have been considered as one of the most promising solutions to greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy conservation. 1,2 Different from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), no waste heat from an engine could be used in EVs, especially for the cabin heating in winter seasons. Therefore, an air-conditioning (A/C) system in EVs needs to be redesigned or improved with other heat sources, such as an electrical device or the outside air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental and theoretical investigation of refrigerant charge on a secondary loop air‐conditioning heat pump system in electric vehicles

Lan

et al. 2019

Int J Energy Res

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Summary Automotive air‐conditioning heat pump systems are particular interest worldwide in energy conservation and emission reduction for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Refrigerant charge amount is a key factor for the air‐conditioning heat pump system optimization affecting the condensing pressure and subcooling in both heating and cooling modes. In this paper, the influence of the refrigerant charge on system performances was investigated using the experiment method on a secondary loop air‐conditioning heat pump system. The typical heat transfer and flow parameters were recorded, and both cooling and heating performances of the system were investigated and illustrated by pressure‐enthalpy diagrams. The critical refrigerant charges were determined in both heating and cooling modes. Three typical void fraction correlation models were also applied for the refrigerant charge determination modeling as a system off‐design method. Results show that the Hughmark void fraction correlation method has the best prediction of the critical refrigerant charge in both cooling and heating modes.

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“…They also found out that the most effective parameters of the hydrogen consumption increment are: number of passengers and weather conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that the VAC systems are crucial systems [48] in vehicles to develop both efficient and environmental friendly vehicles, having internal combustion engines, fuel cells, or batteries. On the other hand, there are limited studies on cryogenic fluids (including hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and air) and their usage to generate cooling by researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sıvı hidrojenli taşıtlar için yardımcı bir klima sistemi

Uğurlu

2019

International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences

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Current Vehicle Air Conditioning (VAC) systems, which are operated by compressors driven by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) or batteries, increase the fuel consumption and emissions depending on the thermal load of the vehicle passenger cabin. Since decreasing the thermal load of the vehicle will decrease the fuel consumption and emissions, studies in this area is very important from the economic and environmental aspects. In this study, an Auxiliary Air Conditioning (AAC) system for Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) or Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) that store Liquid Hydrogen (LH 2) as a powering source has been proposed to make contribution to the works in this significant area. ICEVs were evaluated as Gasoline Equivalent Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (GEHICEVs) and Diesel Equivalent Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (DEHICEVs) considering their average fuel consumption rates according to the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). According to the analyses, approximate hydrogen consumption values have been found that reach 0.7 g/s for GEHICEVs, 1.6 g/s for DEHICEVs, and 0.6 g/s for FCVs with maximum cooling rates of 326 W, 704 W, and 250 W, respectively.

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The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review

Cited by 193 publications

References 113 publications

A Study of Optimal Refrigerant Charge Amount Determination for Air-Conditioning Heat Pump System in Electric Vehicles

A Study of Optimal Refrigerant Charge Amount Determination for Air-Conditioning Heat Pump System in Electric Vehicles

An experimental and theoretical investigation of refrigerant charge on a secondary loop air‐conditioning heat pump system in electric vehicles

Sıvı hidrojenli taşıtlar için yardımcı bir klima sistemi

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