The solubility of rhenium in silicate melts: Implications for the geochemical properties of rhenium at high temperatures

Ertel, W.; O’Neill, Hugh; Sylvester, Paul J.; Dingwell, Donald B.; Spettel, B.

doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00582-8

Cited by 84 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These observations are best explained by a late influx of planetesimals of broadly chondritic composition after formation of the Earth's core (Kimura et al, 1974;Chou, 1978;Jagoutz et al, 1979;Morgan et al, 1981;Morgan, 1986;Holzheid et al, 2000;Ertel et al, 2001). Many other explanations have been offered, however, and Drake (2000) recently described the rise and demise of the more notable: inefficient core formation (Jones and Drake, 1986), and lowering of metalsilicate partition coefficients by high temperature (Murthy,199 1) or by a Fe-S-.O liquid composition of the outer core (Brett, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Siderophile elements in Earth's upper mantle and lunar breccias: Data synthesis suggests manifestations of the same late influx

Morgan

Walker

Brandon

et al. 2001

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

124

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Abstract-The platinum group elements (PGE; Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt), Re and Au comprise the highly siderophile elements (HSE). We reexamine selected isotopic and abundance data sets for HSE in upper mantle peridotites to resolve a longstanding dichotomy. Re-0s and Pt-0s isotope systematics, and approximately chondritic proportions of PGE in these rocks, suggest the presence in undepleted mantle of a chondrite-like component, which is parsimoniously explained by late influx of large planetisimals after formation of the Earth's core and the Moon. But some suites of xenolithic and orogenic spinel lherzolites, and abyssal peridotites, have a CI-normalized PGE pattern with enhanced Pd that is sometimes termed "non-chondritic". We find that this observation is consistent with other evidence of a late influx of material more closely resembling enstatite, rather than ordinary or carbonaceous, chondrites. Regional variations in HSE patterns may be a consequence of a late influx of very large objects of variable composition.Studies of many ancient (>3.8 Ga) lunar breccias show regional variations in A d I r and suggest that "graininess" existed during the early bombardment of the Earth and Moon. Reliable Pd values are available only for Apollo 17 breccias 73215 and 73255, however. Differences in HSE patterns between the aphanitic and anorthositic lithologies in these breccias show fractionation between a refractory group (Re, 0 s and Ir) and a normal (Pd, Ni, and Au) group and may reflect the compositions of the impacting bodies. Similar fractionation is apparent between the EH and EL chondrites, whose PGE patterns resemble those of the aphanitic and anorthositic lithologies, respectively.The striking resemblance of HSE and chalcogen (S, Se) patterns in the Apollo aphanites and highPd terrestrial peridotites suggest that the "non-chondritic" abundance ratios in the latter may be reflected in the composition of planetisimals striking the Moon in the first 700 Ma of Earth-Moon history. Most notably, high Pd may be part of a general enhancement of HSE more volatile than Fe suggesting that the Au abundance in at least parts of the upper mantle may be 1.5 to 2x higher than previously estimated.The early lunar influx may be estimated from observed basin-sized craters. Comparison of relative influx to Earth and Moon suggests that the enrichment of HSE is limited to the upper mantle above 670 km. To infer enrichment of the whole mantle would require several large lunar impacts not yet identified.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Siderophile elements in Earth's upper mantle and lunar breccias: Data synthesis suggests manifestations of the same late influx

Morgan

Walker

Brandon

et al. 2001

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

124

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“…. Partition coefficients for the HSE are at 0.1 MPa, 1573-1673 K and IW-2 from Fe-free experiments by 27 (Re), 44 (Os), 18 (Ir), 45 (Ru), 16 (Pd), 46 (Au), 21 (Pt and Rh). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.…”

Section: Representative Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quenched silicate runproducts from HSE solubility experiments performed at reducing conditions, however, often display evidence for contamination by dispersed HSE±Fe inclusions 17 . Despite the near ubiquity of these inclusions in low fO 2 experiments containing Pt, Ir, Os, Re and Ru, (e.g., [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] ), there is notable variability between studies in their textural presentation; compare for example references 22 and 26 . Although it has been demonstrated that inclusions can form which are a stable phase at the run conditions of an experiment 28 , this does not preclude the formation of inclusions as the sample is quenched.…”

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confidence: 99%

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Bennett

Brenan

Fei

2015

JoVE

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Estimates of the primitive upper mantle (PUM) composition reveal a depletion in many of the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, thought to result from their extraction to the core during terrestrial accretion. Experiments to investigate the partitioning of these elements between metal and silicate melts suggest that the PUM composition is best matched if metal-silicate equilibrium occurred at high pressures and temperatures, in a deep magma ocean environment. The behavior of the most highly siderophile elements (HSEs) during this process however, has remained enigmatic. Silicate run-products from HSE solubility experiments are commonly contaminated by dispersed metal inclusions that hinder the measurement of element concentrations in the melt. The resulting uncertainty over the true solubility and metal-silicate partitioning of these elements has made it difficult to predict their expected depletion in PUM. Recently, several studies have employed changes to the experimental design used for high pressure and temperature solubility experiments in order to suppress the formation of metal inclusions. The addition of Au (Re, Os, Ir, Ru experiments) or elemental Si (Pt experiments) to the sample acts to alter either the geometry or rate of sample reduction respectively, in order to avoid transient metal oversaturation of the silicate melt. This contribution outlines procedures for using the pistoncylinder and multi-anvil apparatus to conduct solubility and metal-silicate partitioning experiments respectively. A protocol is also described for the synthesis of uncontaminated run-products from HSE solubility experiments in which the oxygen fugacity is similar to that during terrestrial core-formation. Time-resolved LA-ICP-MS spectra are presented as evidence for the absence of metal-inclusions in run-products from earlier studies, and also confirm that the technique may be extended to investigate Ru. Examples are also given of how these data may be applied. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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“…Recent experimental studies do not favor such high values for D Re (Ertel et al, 2001) and D Pt (Holzheid et al, 2000) compared with D Os (Borisov and Walker, 2000) but further experimental work is needed before a definitive answer can be given to this long-standing problem. Indeed, it was recently suggested that the abundance of moderately siderophile elements in Earth's mantle was set by equilibrium partitioning at model pressures (40 to 60 Gpa) and temperatures (2000 to 4000 K) much higher (Gessmann and Rubie, 2000;Li and Agee, 2001b) than those investigated by partitioning experiments of highly siderophile elements (Borisov and Walker, 2000;Holzheid et al, 2000;Ertel et al, 2001). One might also question whether metal segregated from silicate at uniform pressure and temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One particular problem complicating the interpretation of experimental results is the frequent presence of HSE micronuggets in the silicate glass phase. While some authors (Ertel et al, 2001) view these as experimental artifacts that must be avoided, a very recent study (Cottrell and Walker, 2002) suggests that these micronuggets may in fact be quench products. If true, then the silicate/metal partition coefficient of platinum and rhenium may be several orders of magnitude higher than conventionally assumed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alternative explanation for the distribution of highly siderophile elements in the Earth.

Dauphas¹,

Reisberg²,

Marty³

2002

Geochem. J.

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The presence of highly siderophile elements (Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au) in the mantle has been a long standing enigma in the Earth sciences. Highly siderophile elements exhibit extremely low silicate/ metal partition coefficients and so should have partitioned into the core, leaving the mantle depleted and fractionated compared with precursor material. Late accretion of undifferentiated material after completion of core formation may have overprinted the residue inherited from metal-silicate equilibrium partitioning. Here, we present a model based on the osmium isotopic composition of the mantle that sheds new light on the distribution of highly siderophile elements in Earth. As the Earth grew from the accretion of chondritic material of unspecified nature, gravitational and radioactive heating permitted early segregation of metal from silicate. This resulted in fractionation of highly siderophile element abundances in the residual mantle relative to chondritic abundances. After completion of core formation, the model supposes that a late carbonaceous veneer delivered biogenic and highly siderophile elements to the Earth. This late veneer was mixed inhomogeneously with the fractionated residue left over after core formation. Part of the deep mantle was isolated early from shallow convection and thus preserved primordial noble gas and highly siderophile element signatures. Allègre and Luck, 1980). This contradiction disappears (Morgan, 1986) if highly siderophile elements were delivered to the mantle by a late accreting veneer after completion of core formation (Morgan, 1986;Chyba, 1990;Dauphas et al., 2000). Nevertheless, recent theoretical (Murthy, 1991) and experimental (Li and Agee, 1996;Righter and Drake, 1997;Cottrell and Walker, 2002) studies on the high pressure/high temperature partition coefficients of moderately and highly siderophile elements have revived discussion of the idea that the distribution of highly siderophile INTRODUCTIONMetal/silicate differentiation was one of the most important events in early Earth history. However, we have a very poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms that governed this segregation (Stevenson, 1990). Low pressure experiments indicate that highly siderophile elements in the residual mantle left over after core formation should have been much more depleted and fractionated (Jones and Drake, 1986) than is observed (Kimura et al., 1974;Jagoutz et al., 1979; Os ratio among the various meteorite classes. This implies that it may be possible to deduce the ultimate source of mantle osmium from its isotopic composition (Morgan, 1985;Meisel et al., 1996;Walker et al., 2001). Analysis of fertile lherzolites suggests that the 187 Os/ 188 Os ratio of the primitive upper mantle that has not experienced melt extraction is 0.1296 ± 0.0008 ). This value, first proposed by Meisel et al. (1996), has been confirmed by numerous recent studies of lithospheric peridotite suites (McBride et al., 1996;Handler et al., 1997;Peslier et al., 2000;Reisberg et al., 2000;Snow ...

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The solubility of rhenium in silicate melts: Implications for the geochemical properties of rhenium at high temperatures

Cited by 84 publications

References 20 publications

Siderophile elements in Earth's upper mantle and lunar breccias: Data synthesis suggests manifestations of the same late influx

Siderophile elements in Earth's upper mantle and lunar breccias: Data synthesis suggests manifestations of the same late influx

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

An alternative explanation for the distribution of highly siderophile elements in the Earth.

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