THE SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CALCITE) IN CERTAIN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AT 25°<sup>1</sup>

Frear, G. L.; Johnston, John

doi:10.1021/ja01382a014

Cited by 93 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Thus, Ca 2+ = 21.5 mg/L (53.7 mg/L hardness) and HCO 3 − = 65.5 mg/L (53.7 mg/L alkalinity). These concentrations agree reasonably well with experimentally determined concentrations of 22.4 mg/L Ca 2+ (56 mg/L hardness) and 67.1 mg/L HCO 3 − (55 mg/L alkalinity) at a CO 2 concentration of about 400 ppm (Frear and Johnston ). These solubility estimates are for calcite, but limestone varies in composition and solubility (Bowles ).…”

Section: Reaction Of Co2 and Caco3supporting

confidence: 86%

Alkalinity and Hardness: Critical but Elusive Concepts in Aquaculture

Boyd

Tucker²,

Somridhivej³

2016

J World Aquaculture Soc

201

143

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Total alkalinity and total hardness are familiar variables in aquatic animal production. Aquaculturists—both scientists and practitioners alike—have some understanding of the two variables and of methods for adjusting their concentrations. The chemistry and the biological effects of alkalinity and hardness, however, are more complex than generally realized or depicted in the aquaculture literature. Moreover, the discussions of alkalinity and hardness—alkalinity in particular—found in water chemistry texts are presented in a rigorous manner and without explanation of how the two variables relate to aquaculture. This review provides a thorough but less rigorous discussion of alkalinity and hardness specifically oriented toward aquaculture. Alkalinity and hardness are defined, their sources identified, and analytical methods explained. This is followed by a discussion of the roles of the two variables in aquaculture, including their relationships with carbon dioxide, pH, atmospheric pollution, ammonia, and other inorganic nitrogen compounds, phytoplankton communities, trace metals, animal physiology, and clay turbidity. Liming and other practices to manage alkalinity and hardness are explained. Changes in alkalinity and hardness concentrations that occur over time in aquaculture systems are discussed. Emphasis is placed on interactions among alkalinity, hardness, water quality, and aquacultural production.

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Section: Reaction Of Co2 and Caco3supporting

confidence: 86%

Alkalinity and Hardness: Critical but Elusive Concepts in Aquaculture

Boyd

Tucker²,

Somridhivej³

2016

J World Aquaculture Soc

201

143

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“…U-values correspond to wind speeds that result in the trimodal distributions described by Ghan et al (1998) figure). Robinson and Stokes (1968) b Sarbar et al (1982) c Rard and Miller (1981) d Goldberg (1981) e Rengemo et al (1958) f Linke and Seidell (1965) g Frear and Johnston (1929) h Masson et al (1986) …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of dust composition on cloud droplet formation

Kelly

Chuang

Wexler

2007

Atmospheric Environment

128

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Previous studies suggest that interactions between dust particles and clouds are significant; yet the conditions where dust particles can serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are uncertain. Since major dust components are insoluble, the CCN activity of dust strongly depends on the presence of minor components. However, many minor components measured in dust particles are overlooked in cloud modeling studies. Some of these compounds are believed to be products of heterogeneous reactions involving carbonates. In this study, we calculate with diameters between about 0.6 and 2 µm under some conditions. Dust particles > 2 µm often activate regardless of their composition. Only under very specialized conditions does the addition of a dust distribution into a rising parcel containing fine (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 particles significantly reduce the total number of activated particles via water competition. Effects of dust on cloud saturation and droplet number via water competition are generally smaller than those reported previously for sea salt. Large numbers of fine dust CCN can significantly enhance the number of activated particles under certain conditions. Improved representations of dust mineralogy and reactions in global aerosol models could improve predictions of the effects of aerosol on climate.

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“…1 in which the solubility lines are calculated from published data (6,8 solubility diagram is discussed fully elsewhere (3) ; however, a brief explanation of the diagram is included in the appendix.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions Between Solid Calcium Carbonate and Orthophosphate Solutions

Clark¹

1955

Can. J. Chem.

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Studies of the reactio~ls between solid calcium carbonate and orthophosphate solutions a t low partial pressures of carbon dioxide indicated that hydroxyapatite was the stable product formed in these systems. Hydroxyapatite precipitated directly even though dicalcium phosphate formed initially under certain conditions. The reactions with orthophosphate did not seriously disturb the nornlal calcium carbonate equilibriu~rr with the solution.

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THE SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CALCITE) IN CERTAIN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AT 25°¹

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Alkalinity and Hardness: Critical but Elusive Concepts in Aquaculture

Alkalinity and Hardness: Critical but Elusive Concepts in Aquaculture

Influence of dust composition on cloud droplet formation

Reactions Between Solid Calcium Carbonate and Orthophosphate Solutions

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THE SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CALCITE) IN CERTAIN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AT 25°1

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Alkalinity and Hardness: Critical but Elusive Concepts in Aquaculture

Alkalinity and Hardness: Critical but Elusive Concepts in Aquaculture

Influence of dust composition on cloud droplet formation

Reactions Between Solid Calcium Carbonate and Orthophosphate Solutions

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Product

Resources

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THE SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CALCITE) IN CERTAIN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AT 25°¹