THE SOILS OF SYRIA AND THE LEBANON<sup>1</sup>

Reifenberg, A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1952.tb00633.x

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The soils that host the monazite concentrations correspond to red Mediterranean soil typology. Reifenberg (1952), Kubiena (1953), andDurand (1959) described these as relict soils, which would have developed under much more humid climates than those observed today, mostly during the late Tertiary and early Pleistocene periods. More recently, authors such as Lamouroux (1971) and Verheye (1973) discarded these explanations and proposed that the genesis could still be active today and that old red soils are in equilibrium with the present-day prevailing Mediterranean climate.…”

Section: Pedological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)

Higueras

Jiménez‐Ballesta

Esbrí

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Monazite ((Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO 4 ) is a rare and strategic mineral that occurs naturally as an accessory and minor mineral in diverse igneous and metamorphic rocks. This mineral does not frequently form mineable ore deposits and it has different typologies, including those formed by endogenous processes (generally "yellow monazite" mineralizations) and those formed by exogenous processes ("gray monazite" mineralizations). The mineral is an important ore of Rare Earth Elements (REEs), which have been identified by the European Union as critical raw materials. Monazite can be considered a weathering-resistant mineral, and the mobility of the REE and associated elements is low. The study reported here concerns a mineralogical and geochemical assessment of the occurrence and risks associated with the presence of concentrations of monazite in a typical, well-developed, and representative red Mediterranean soil, in order to establish the associated risk with their future mining. The results confirmed that monazite ore is particularly poor in radioactive elements, and it is concentrated in the most surficial soil horizons. The chemical mobility of REEs present in the soil, as assessed by selective extraction with ammonium acetate in acidic media, follows the order Y > Dy > U > Tb > Gd > Eu > Sm > La > Th > Ce. The mobility of REEs contained in monazite proved to be higher than that of the REE compounds in the upper horizons of the soil profile suggesting the immobilization in other REE-containing minerals, while light REEs show lower mobility rates than heavy REEs, due to an immobilization of LREE by sorption with iron oxy-hydroxides. Further studies are required in order to obtain better speciation data for REEs in soils aimed to identify soluble and insoluble compounds.

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Section: Pedological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)

Higueras

Jiménez‐Ballesta

Esbrí

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Indeed, the two terra rossa samples analysed in this paper also include some amphiboles and pyroxenes of very small size (between 50 and 100 μm). In Syria, terra rossas are located in the western part of the country, in the mountainous chain of the Jebel Ansariye that separates the inland from the sea, as well as west and north‐west of Aleppo (Muir 1951; Reifenberg 1952; Wolfart 1967). Similar soil formations are also known in Lebanon, but this origin can be excluded, since the cooking ware repertoire in Lebanon is different from that of the Brittle Ware 3 .…”

Section: Raw Materials Provenancementioning

confidence: 99%

COOKING WARES IN ANCIENT SYRIA (FIRST TO 10TH CENTURIES ad): RECONSTRUCTING THE PRODUCTION CONTEXTS FROM THE CONSUMPTION SITES

Vokaer

2010

Archaeometry

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This paper deals with Brittle Ware, a cooking ware product that appears to have been highly standardized and widely distributed in Syria during the Roman and the Byzantine periods. The study intends to determine the distribution of Brittle Ware through time and space, by combining typology and a thorough examination of the fabrics in the field, using binocular microscopy (n = 2807 diagnostic fragments). Based on the fabric groupings, petrological and chemical analyses were then undertaken. Resting on an archaeological background and several analytical methods, this paper aims at going beyond a limited provenance study, by characterizing the Brittle Ware production system and thus providing some insights into the economy of ancient Syria.

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“…So the qancit system (Kar2z in Afghanistan and East Persia;$ggara in Iraq and Syria (cf. Reifenberg, 1952)) is widely employed, whereby the percolating groundwater is tap ed at the head of the outwash fan, where its flow is Briefly, panhts are constructed as follows. After trials a 'mother well' (madar chah) is dug to tap the aquifer where groundwater flow is concentrated by a valley, or by buried relief.…”

Section: Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Soils of Kerman, South Persia

Beckett

1958

Journal of Soil Science

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WITH FOUR PLATES SummaryNo mature soils were observed in the area round Kennan, much of which was occupied by lithosols and regosols. The profiles of immature soils on the fine outwash alluvium occupying some of the broad valleys suggested that the zonal Great Soil Group would be a Reddish Desert Soil. Phosphate and potassium levels of cultivated soils on the fine alluvium are adequate or good; the total nitrogen content is low, though higher on cultivated than on uncultivated soils. IntroductoryOVER much of the central Persian plateau the general relation between soils of the area it is basin, mutatis catena of mountains-plain-mountains of the Kerman basin may be observed in most parts of the parallel chains of inland basins running from Ardistan to Kerman, and Isfahan to Sirjan (Saidabad). The halfcatena mountains-plain-desert occurs round most of the west, north, and east borders of the plateau, across the boundary between the surrounding mountains and the central desert. Landscape and GeologyFor the purpose of this study the Kerman basin was arbitrarily defined to include parts of two broad valleys, converging on the town and lain of Kerman, and the containing mountains at their junction and &hest point (5,000-6,000 ft. above sea level) (see map).Many of the crests of the surrounding mountains 10,000-13,000 ft.) 1924) which rest on interbedded grits and coloured shales, and brown limestone (Upper Lias). The limestones, and the grits or shales when capped by limestone, weather to roduce a typical arid landscape in fans. Where not protected by overlying limestones the shales and grits weather to form a broken landscape of low rounded hills, as in the rough foothills of the Kuh-i-Jupar. Further isolated outcrops of Cretaceous limestone form steep hills on the plain, risin 500 to 2,000 ft. above conglomerate and pebbly sandstone form the outer edge of the Kuh-ihuman settlement is fairly uniform, so of published descriptions of the legitimate to generalize from the KermanI e plateau in general. The full topographic and the main block of the Kuh-i-Ju ar massif are s ormed of massive red or dark limestones of the middle 8 retaceous (Tipper, 1921 ; Pilgrim, which steep rock slopes rise sharp P y from stony pediments or outwash its general level. In the south-east of the basin f ow rounded ridges of Variously written as Kerrnan, Kirman, Karman.

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THE SOILS OF SYRIA AND THE LEBANON¹

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)

Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)

COOKING WARES IN ANCIENT SYRIA (FIRST TO 10TH CENTURIES ad): RECONSTRUCTING THE PRODUCTION CONTEXTS FROM THE CONSUMPTION SITES

The Soils of Kerman, South Persia

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THE SOILS OF SYRIA AND THE LEBANON1

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)

Occurrence and environmental constraints of gray monazite in red soils from the Campo de Montiel area (SW Ciudad Real province, south central Spain)

COOKING WARES IN ANCIENT SYRIA (FIRST TO 10TH CENTURIES ad): RECONSTRUCTING THE PRODUCTION CONTEXTS FROM THE CONSUMPTION SITES

The Soils of Kerman, South Persia

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THE SOILS OF SYRIA AND THE LEBANON¹