The soil fungal community of native woodland in Andean Patagonian forest: A case study considering experimental forest management and seasonal effects

Abstract

Forest management can alter soil fungal communities which are important in the regulation of biogeochemical cycles and other ecosystem services. The current challenge of sustainable management is that management be carried out while preserving the bioecological aspects of ecosystems. Mixed Patagonian woodlands are subject to continuous disturbance (fire, wood extraction, and livestock), with unknown consequences for soil fungal communities. Our objective was to study the fungal community and the effects of an experimental forest management program, which combines harvesting and implantation, on the soil fungal communities in Patagonian woodland, in Argentina; considering contrasting seasons and soil parameters. At site level, the mixed woodlands appear to have greater soil cover with AM plants and soil chemical characteristics similar to other forest environments in the same region, with an intermediate fungal diversity value. When the seasonal effect was analyzed, no changes were observed in the fungal richness and diversity index, whereas modifications were recorded in the class level, in the ecological guilds, and in certain soil parameters; the inversion of phyla should be highlighted. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla, and presented a tendency to an inversion between seasons: Ascomycota fungi predominated in autumn, while Basidiomycota were more abundant in summer. The Glomeromycota were not well represented in this study. The most abundant classes were Agaricomycetes, followed by Leotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Tremellomycetes, with some changes in the proportions between the two seasons, which could be related to certain soil characteristics. The most abundant orders in both seasons were Agaricales, Helotiales, Mortierellales, and Filobasidiales, correlated with some soil characteristics. The ordination analysis (NMDS) showed a correlation between taxonomic assignation and some soil characteristics, and only between class seasons. The most abundant ecological guild was saprotrophs (in both seasons: Hygrocybe, Mortierella, Cryptococcus), followed by plant pathogens (Ilyonectria, which increase in autumn); and the ectomycorrhizal symbiont (Hygrocybe in both seasons, while in summer Cortinarius, Clitopilus, and Geoglossum), all are related to C and N cycle. The only post-management changes observed in soil fungal community and chemical characteristics were in fungal richness (OTUs) and available phosphorus values; all the others (diversity indexes, taxonomy, and ecological guilds) were unaffected by this anthropic disturbance. It should be highlighted that available P and fungal species richness could be proposed as bioindicators. Future studies in native management programs, considering other aspects such as diversity of vegetation uses and system functions of the area will allow us to assess whether some of these changes are early bio-indicators of sustainable use and management.

Similarities and Differences among Soil Fungal Assemblages in Managed Forests and Formerly Managed Forest Reserves

“…Of the 599 high-quality fungal OTUs obtained, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla, comprising 88% of all identified fungi (Supplementary Materials Table S2). This slight taxonomic dominance in favor of Basidio-or Ascomycota in soil fungi, depending on the forest type or season, corroborates previous studies investigating forest soils [6,21,28,45,[73][74][75][76]. Ascomycota, the largest phylum of fungi [77], was also the most taxa-rich (49% OTUs) in our study, indicating its dominance in the studied mixed coniferous forest, with no differences observed between forest reserves and managed forests.…”

“…Unlike the numerous works concerning the effect of management on the forest mycobiome, only a few studies have addressed how fungi from different trophic groups recover from natural and anthropogenic disturbances and develop structural features typical of unmanaged old-growth forests [27][28][29][30]. An excellent reservoir of fungal diversity for several fungal functional guilds, i.e., group of species that exploit the same class of environmental resources in a similar way, as well as valuable testing grounds for comparisons between traditionally managed and unmanaged forests, is found in such diversified forms of protection as national parks, landscape parks, the Natura 2000 network, and forest reserves.…”

Crop Rotation With Cress Increases Cucumber Yields by Regulating the Composition of the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community

“…which is benefits improve crop performance (Liu et al, 2020b) had higher relative abundance in cress rotation under 80% SWC than in the control; however, the Ascomycota and Ilyonectria spp. which is potential pathogens (Carron et al, 2020) had higher in control than in the other treatments. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of guilds related to plant pathogens had no changed in single cress rotation under 100%, instead, it was reduced in the cress rotation under 80%.…”

Effects of firewood harvesting intensity on biodiversity and ecosystem services in shrublands of northern Patagonia

“…The groups of Udivitrands were dominant in the low productivity site with ocher color and poor abundance of roots. Soil chemical characteristics were similar between medium and low productivity sites but both poorer than the high productivity site (Carron et al 2020). Elevation across sites ranges from 790 to 840 m.…”