The sodium/sulphur battery

Sudworth, J.L.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(84)80080-4

Cited by 125 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Several degradation und failure mechanisms can result in an electrolyte breakdown (dendrite formation, coloration of β-alumina, internal sodium formation, voltage breakdown, mechanical and thermal breakdown) [7]. To ensure operation times of more than 10 years, the Na-ß-aluminate should provide a high density to reduce for example the dendrite building with respect to the microstructure and strength of the ceramic.…”

Section: The Extruded Ceramic Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The finer the microstructure (grains), the greater the amount of grain boundaries and therefore the resistance increases. However, one has to take into account that an increase of the grain size from < 5 µm to > 200 µm reduces the strength of the ceramic by an order of magnitude [7].…”

Section: The Ionic Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Ref. [7] the publications of R. S. Gordon were summed up in which four production variants are mentioned [8], how an extrusion of Na-ß-aluminate can be realized. These are based on the binders polyvinyl pyrrolindine/ethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, beeswax, and vaseline/mineral oil.…”

Section: The Extruded Ceramic Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Ref. [7] the hot extrusion was carried out at a temperature between 96 and 122°C and led to a green density of 55 % and a sintered density of 92 % -93 % whereas the exhausted binder did lead to a destruction of the ceramic during the time in the furnace. If vaseline/mineral oil is used as binder, green densities of 60 % and sintered densities of up to 99 % could be achieved but the ß"-phase could not be established in an appropriate way.…”

Section: The Extruded Ceramic Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low cost, ceramic battery components and cell design

Weidl¹,

Schulz²,

Hofacker³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Na/NiCl 2 batteries represent a high-energy-density battery concept based on abundant, low cost-materials. The current production process of the solid state electrolyte is the driving cost factor in this field. IKTS develops improved technologies for the highly efficient production of this price-determining core component -the ceramic sodium β-alumina electrolyte. Furthermore, by simplifying the cell design regarding the manufacturing technology, the aimed target costs amount to below 200 EUR/kWh at cell level. Starting with a lab-scale screening of powder synthesis, several routes for electrolyte shaping are under development. Boehmite based β-aluminas reached ionic conductivities of about 0.241 S/cm at 300°C with a highly dense microstructure and a β"-phase content of > 97 %. The powder processing was transferred to pilot scale and different shaping technologies were evaluated. Electrolyte tubes with a length of 30 cm were manufactured by isostatic pressing. For the stiff plastic extrusion the preparation of the mass was developed. Densities of about 96 % after sintering were achieved this way. So far, different cell designs have been realized.

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Section: The Extruded Ceramic Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Ionic Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Extruded Ceramic Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Extruded Ceramic Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Low cost, ceramic battery components and cell design

Weidl¹,

Schulz²,

Hofacker³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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show abstract

“…Many previous papers , which are briefly reported in the following, highlighted the role of Italy as a path-maker in the field of large scale electrochemical storage in the high voltage network. In [1][2][3], a detailed description of the Italian energy intensive installations can be found, whereas papers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] offer some analyses of the main features of sodium-sulphur technology. Paper [15] thoroughly analyses the authorization procedures of Italian energy storage systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Electrochemical Energy Storage in High Voltage Grids: Overview of the Italian Experience

et al. 2017

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This paper offers a wide overview on the large-scale electrochemical energy projects installed in the high voltage Italian grid. Detailed descriptions of energy (charge/discharge times of about 8 h) and power intensive (charge/discharge times ranging from 0.5 h to 4 h) installations are presented with some insights into the authorization procedures, safety features, and ancillary services. These different charge/discharge times reflect the different operation uses inside the electric grid. Energy intensive storage aims at decoupling generation and utilization since, in the southern part of Italy, there has been a great growth of wind farms: these areas are characterized by a surplus of generation with respect to load absorption and to the net transport capacity of the 150 kV high voltage backbones. Power intensive storage aims at providing ancillary services inside the electric grid as primary and secondary frequency regulation, synthetic rotational inertia, and further functionalities. The return on experience of Italian installations will be able to play a key role also for other countries and other transmission system operators.

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The primate appendix: A reassessment

Fisher

2000

Anat. Rec.

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The progress in the research work and real applications of sodium‐sulfur (NAS) battery in large scale energy storage is introduced. The key materials and interfaces of the battery, particularly the role of Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS), are systematically reviewed. As the most important and difficult part, the high‐quality beta‐ alumina ceramic electrolyte tubes are prepared by a low‐cost solid state reaction process; their sealing performance and interfacial behavior with molten sodium and sulfur electrodes could be substantially improved by glass ceramic type sealants and surface modification, respectively. Combination of carbon and additives like SiO2 with different wetting behaviors for sulfur and the discharge product sulfides is shown to be significant in improving the electrochemical performances of NAS battery. Conductive ceramic coatings are developed as anti‐corrosion media of the current collector of sulfur electrode; this is identified as an effective route to protect the metal parts.

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The sodium/sulphur battery

Cited by 125 publications

References 19 publications

Low cost, ceramic battery components and cell design

Low cost, ceramic battery components and cell design

Large-Scale Electrochemical Energy Storage in High Voltage Grids: Overview of the Italian Experience

The primate appendix: A reassessment

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