The sodium/nickel chloride (ZEBRA) battery

Sudworth, J.L.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00891-6

Cited by 298 publications

(251 citation statements)

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“…More recent work has returned to examine borosilicate-based glasses, with Bi 2 O 3 -doped borosilicate glass compositions showing particular promise [162], together with new glass-ceramic compositions [163]. The newer Na-NiCl battery, which evolved from the earlier Na-S battery, also utilizes a molten Na cathode but with an anhydrous solid NiCl anode [164], and this design also poses similar sealant compatibility issues.…”

Section: Seals For Battery Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in the preparation, characterization and applications of glass- and glass–ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings

et al. 2011

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There has, in recent years, been a major revival of interest in glass-and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings for new applications. Experience dictates that many factors need to be taken into consideration in the successful design and manufacture of high-quality seals, particularly if an adequate component lifetime is to be achieved. For example, during their preparation, undesirable reactions may occur between diffusing metal species and glass constituents, and these can lead to the formation of highly localized internal stresses, which can initiate failure of a seal either during manufacture or, more seriously, whilst in service due to the influence of static fatigue. In the case of high-temperature systems, reactions under hostile operating conditions also need to be taken into consideration. In this review, the factors learnt from past experience that influence the formation and lifetime behaviour of glass and glass-ceramic/metal systems are briefly introduced, and their relevance to the newer applications including solid oxide fuel cell sealants and coatings on titanium for biomedical applications is discussed.

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Section: Seals For Battery Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in the preparation, characterization and applications of glass- and glass–ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings

et al. 2011

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“…For the production of a Na-ß-aluminate green body of an appropriate size e.g. the FIAMM design with 38 Ah a press consisting of 7 single presses is necessary in which every press has a production cycle of approximately 140 s [3]. The production of these separators by extrusion molding offers new possibilities to reduce the cycle times and increase the yield.…”

Section: Reduction Of Production Costs Of a Sodium/nickel Chloride Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A problem here was the formation of the ß"-phase. By using polyvinyl alcohol as binder with a 10 % aqueous solution in combination with the phase stabilization Linde A α-alumina, magnesia and yttria, a sinter density of 3.08 g/cm 3 could be achieved at a sinter temperature of 1825°C which led to an ionic conductivity of 0.1 S/cm to 0.2 S/cm at 300°C (9). In rough calculation this density corresponds to 95 % of the theoretical density if a value of 3.249 g/cm 3 (Li stabilized) is used.…”

Section: The Extruded Ceramic Separatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before this time, Na-ß-aluminate was not in the focus of energy engineering but only interesting for crystallographic scientists. Already in the mid-seventies a group of scientists, headed by Johan Coetzer started to work on the so called "Zebra System" [2] and then the development in this area accelerated up to the first production line with a design for the e-mobility sector [3]. With ongoing research and the emerging of the lithium-ion battery types the focus of the scientific society changed and the Na/NiCl 2 battery was buried more and more in oblivion except for some applications in niche markets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low cost, ceramic battery components and cell design

Weidl¹,

Schulz²,

Hofacker³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Na/NiCl 2 batteries represent a high-energy-density battery concept based on abundant, low cost-materials. The current production process of the solid state electrolyte is the driving cost factor in this field. IKTS develops improved technologies for the highly efficient production of this price-determining core component -the ceramic sodium β-alumina electrolyte. Furthermore, by simplifying the cell design regarding the manufacturing technology, the aimed target costs amount to below 200 EUR/kWh at cell level. Starting with a lab-scale screening of powder synthesis, several routes for electrolyte shaping are under development. Boehmite based β-aluminas reached ionic conductivities of about 0.241 S/cm at 300°C with a highly dense microstructure and a β"-phase content of > 97 %. The powder processing was transferred to pilot scale and different shaping technologies were evaluated. Electrolyte tubes with a length of 30 cm were manufactured by isostatic pressing. For the stiff plastic extrusion the preparation of the mass was developed. Densities of about 96 % after sintering were achieved this way. So far, different cell designs have been realized.

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“…On the other hand, this technology makes use of a dedicated electrochemistry, with beta alumina as a sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte. As a consequence, the optimal performances are obtained in the temperature range 260/320 • C, i.e., 533/593 K [39,40]. Thus, the battery temperature has to be regulated through an internal heater and an external fan (the latter only in case a heavy discharging power is required, e.g., when the battery is used in electrical vehicles, during the acceleration phase or while climbing uphill).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Simplified Thermal-Electric Model of a Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery Energy Storage System to a Real Case Residential Prosumer

Bignucolo

Coppo

Crugnola³

et al. 2017

Energies

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Abstract:Recently, power system customers have changed the way they interact with public networks, playing a more and more active role. End-users first installed local small-size generating units, and now they are being equipped with storage devices to increase the self-consumption rate. By suitably managing local resources, the provision of ancillary services and aggregations among several end-users are expected evolutions in the near future. In the upcoming market of household-sized storage devices, sodium-nickel chloride technology seems to be an interesting alternative to lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. To accurately investigate the operation of the NaNiCl 2 battery system at the residential level, a suitable thermoelectric model has been developed by the authors, starting from the results of laboratory tests. The behavior of the battery internal temperature has been characterized. Then, the designed model has been used to evaluate the economic profitability in installing a storage system in the case that end-users are already equipped with a photovoltaic unit. To obtain realistic results, real field measurements of customer consumption and solar radiation have been considered. A concrete interest in adopting the sodium-nickel chloride technology at the residential level is confirmed, taking into account the achievable benefits in terms of economic income, back-up supply, and increased indifference to the evolution of the electricity market.

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The sodium/nickel chloride (ZEBRA) battery

Cited by 298 publications

References 2 publications

Recent developments in the preparation, characterization and applications of glass- and glass–ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings

Recent developments in the preparation, characterization and applications of glass- and glass–ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings

Low cost, ceramic battery components and cell design

Application of a Simplified Thermal-Electric Model of a Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery Energy Storage System to a Real Case Residential Prosumer

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