“…repercussions occurring during the hazard event, as well as indirect impacts, i.e. subsequent changes given the direct impact [ 90 ]. Direct impacts of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases in industries Fig.…”
Background
Recent pandemics have had far-reaching effects on the world’s largest economies and amplified the need to estimate the full extent and range of socioeconomic impacts of infectious diseases outbreaks on multi-sectoral industries. This systematic review aims to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks on industries.
Methods
A structured, systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IDEAS/REPEC, OSHLINE, HSELINE, and NIOSHTIC-2 were reviewed. Study quality appraisal was performed using the Table of Evidence Levels from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Joanna Briggs Institute tools, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and Center of Evidence Based Management case study critical appraisal checklist. Quantitative analysis was not attempted due to the heterogeneity of included studies. A qualitative synthesis of primary studies examining socioeconomic impact of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks in any industry was performed and a framework based on empirical findings was conceptualized.
Results
A total of 55 studies conducted from 1984 to 2021 were included, reporting on 46,813,038 participants working in multiple industries across the globe. The quality of articles were good. On the whole, direct socioeconomic impacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019, influenza, influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, tuberculosis and norovirus outbreaks include increased morbidity, mortality, and health costs. This had then led to indirect impacts including social impacts such as employment crises and reduced workforce size as well as economic impacts such as demand shock, supply chain disruptions, increased supply and production cost, service and business disruptions, and financial and Gross Domestic Product loss, attributable to productivity losses from illnesses as well as national policy responses to contain the diseases.
Conclusions
Evidence suggests that airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases have inflicted severe socioeconomic costs on regional and global industries. Further research is needed to better understand their long-term socioeconomic impacts to support improved industry preparedness and response capacity for outbreaks. Public and private stakeholders at local, national, and international levels must join forces to ensure informed systems and sector-specific cost-sharing strategies for optimal global health and economic security.
“…repercussions occurring during the hazard event, as well as indirect impacts, i.e. subsequent changes given the direct impact [ 90 ]. Direct impacts of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases in industries Fig.…”
Background
Recent pandemics have had far-reaching effects on the world’s largest economies and amplified the need to estimate the full extent and range of socioeconomic impacts of infectious diseases outbreaks on multi-sectoral industries. This systematic review aims to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks on industries.
Methods
A structured, systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IDEAS/REPEC, OSHLINE, HSELINE, and NIOSHTIC-2 were reviewed. Study quality appraisal was performed using the Table of Evidence Levels from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Joanna Briggs Institute tools, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and Center of Evidence Based Management case study critical appraisal checklist. Quantitative analysis was not attempted due to the heterogeneity of included studies. A qualitative synthesis of primary studies examining socioeconomic impact of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks in any industry was performed and a framework based on empirical findings was conceptualized.
Results
A total of 55 studies conducted from 1984 to 2021 were included, reporting on 46,813,038 participants working in multiple industries across the globe. The quality of articles were good. On the whole, direct socioeconomic impacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019, influenza, influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, tuberculosis and norovirus outbreaks include increased morbidity, mortality, and health costs. This had then led to indirect impacts including social impacts such as employment crises and reduced workforce size as well as economic impacts such as demand shock, supply chain disruptions, increased supply and production cost, service and business disruptions, and financial and Gross Domestic Product loss, attributable to productivity losses from illnesses as well as national policy responses to contain the diseases.
Conclusions
Evidence suggests that airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases have inflicted severe socioeconomic costs on regional and global industries. Further research is needed to better understand their long-term socioeconomic impacts to support improved industry preparedness and response capacity for outbreaks. Public and private stakeholders at local, national, and international levels must join forces to ensure informed systems and sector-specific cost-sharing strategies for optimal global health and economic security.
“…Independent research into the financial outlook of the floods being Flood is a very common phenomenon in Malaysia (Figure 2); however, the frequency and intensity of floods have increased significantly over the last few decades mainly due to climate change. Small-scale flash food events are climate-related disasters which can put multiple aspects of the system at risk, especially in densely populated cities like Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia [36]. Losses and damages occurring from the flood incidents are also amplifying, although seldom are the non-economic losses incorporated properly while the flood risk assessment and management are performed [37].…”
Section: Issues and Challenges In Flood Risk Management (Frm)mentioning
This study reviewed some of the challenges faced by local authorities in disaster management, especially flood disasters that occurred in Malaysia. Flood disasters are the most frequent disasters in Malaysia, especially during the monsoon seasons. The hard structure developed by Malaysia’s National Security Council (MKN) under ‘Directive 20’ is used to manage disasters in the country. Although Malaysia has become more skillful in managing flood disasters, the frequent climate changes along with weakness in implementing flood risk management plans resulted in much losses and damages throughout the country. Therefore, this study explored the gaps and weaknesses in flood risk management (FRM) in Malaysia by reviewing the available literature to recommend better flood management. This study revealed four main issues which are weaknesses in terms of (i) coordination and communication, (ii) manpower and assets, (iii) public awareness, and (iv) power and authority among local authorities to implement flood management plans. The capacity of local authorities and individuals in charge of disaster management is inadequate, especially for flood risk preparedness and management. Hence, responsible individuals are also in a vulnerable situation to implement management plans or rescue operations when flood disasters occur since they are also flood victims. Thus, the National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) which acts as the main coordinator of disaster management in Malaysia should re-examine the flood management plan to ensure that it can be implemented efficiently and effectively, especially at the local level as they are the first respondents on the scene when the disaster occurs. The combination of both structural and non-structural measures might require in many cases the management of flood disasters; however, the disaster risk preparedness and management of individuals via customized training is a must to prevent flood disasters as well as minimize their impact. The flood management plan should also incorporate natural-based approaches at the whole-river-basin level for the long-term solution and sustainable development, not only focusing to manage the localized flood problem at the specific area.
“…For the past few years, Malaysia has faced various events of climate change such as haze, storms, dry spells and floods. For example, a flash flood in Kuala Lumpur (Bhuiyan et al, 2021), Penang (Saleh et al, 2022), Selangor (Ahmad et al, 2019), Kelantan (Chan et al, 2019) and Pahang (Safiah et al, 2020). Some of the events have caused the life of the public and properties, and millions of ringgits were spent to support the mitigation and adaptation of climate change (NC2, 2011 andEPU, 2010).…”
Section: Journal Of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technologymentioning
Public knowledge, awareness and behaviour on climate change are crucial to prevent climate change. This study investigates the level of knowledge, awareness and behaviour of Malaysian society on the impact of climate change (Case study in Klang Valley). Adopting a descriptive survey research design, a self-designed questionnaire entitled "Climate Change Awareness” was conducted on a sample of 467 respondents from three (3) main groups (university students, public and government servants). Cronbach's alpha (α) for this study is 0.749, indicating an acceptable level of internal reliability of the scale with this specific sample. The finding indicates that most of the respondents have an average level of knowledge (41.22%) from different levels of education. The level of awareness and behaviour among the respondents was also very weak and fragile. Approximately 55.3% of respondents are not aware of the impact of climate change on the environment, economy and human health. Although the government has promoted its initiatives and policy regarding climate change, it cannot be presumed that the society is having a high level of knowledge awareness and behaviour about climate change. In addition, this study also measured the effectiveness of the national policy on climate change in Malaysian society. This study offers the decision makers some fundamental insights regarding public knowledge, awareness and behaviour towards climate change that could potentially assist in promoting responsive policies and strategies to reduce the impact of climate change.
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